Better Faster Lighter Java [Electronic resources] نسخه متنی

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Justin Gehtland; Bruce A. Tate

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4.7 Advanced Topics


Now you've seen three tools for achieving
transparency. If you're anything like my clients,
you're probably wondering which is best.
I'm going to carve that decision into three pieces:

If I'm building a transparent service myself, I
prefer reflection. I'd simply prefer to call a
library than build a code generator or byte code injector. I prefer
to have business logic within my domain model (instead of just data
holders), and that eliminates code generation. Though the performance
is doubtlessly superior, byte code generation is too difficult and
risky for most small or inexperienced IT shops.

If I'm buying a tool or framework, I like the idea
of byte code enhancement. I like that you pay much of your
performance penalty at build time instead of runtime and I like that
after the build, I don't have to worry about the
service. With tools like JDO, I've rarely had
instances where byte code enhancement made things difficult for me to
debug, and I've always been impressed with the
flexibility of byte code generation over reflection. As a case in
point, after coming down hard on JDO vendors in their marketing
literature, Hibernate in fact added a byte code enhancement library,
called CGLIB, to improve certain aspects (such as lazy loading).

I don't mind code generators, but I
don't lean on them for transparency. In general,
better techniques get the same benefits without some of the drawbacks
mentioned earlier in this chapter.


If you're gung-ho about transparency, keep an eye on
a couple of evolving debates. The first is the concept of coarse- and
fine-grained services. The second is the future of programming
techniques that may enhance your experience.


4.7.1 Coarse- and Fine-Grained Services


Nearly all applications support




two types of services: coarse- and
fine-grained. You may decide that it makes perfect sense to attach
all services to the same point. Be wary, though. Many early EJB
applications used that design, God rest their souls. Your problem is
two-fold. First, if you present an interface, your users may use it
whether it's a good idea or not. Second, different
services have different performance requirements.

Consider CORBA for a moment. The idea was to have very large object
models, which could find and talk to each other whether they were in
the same memory space or across the globe. If you bought into that
notion (as I did), you know how damaging it can be. The problem is
that interfaces often have fundamentally different requirements. If
your user interface wanted to display every field on a distributed
object, it would need to make a distributed method call for every
field, which is very expensive. Let's take the
problem one step further. Let's say that you wanted
to display every line of an invoice from across the network.
You'd have to make a call to every field of every
object on line item on an invoice, as in Figure 4-8. Each call represents a round-trip across the
vast network, and regardless of how efficient your code is, the speed
of light is still immutable. You have to be intelligent about the way
that you apply transparency.



Figure 4-8. CORBA failed because it treated every service as a fine-grained service

Instead, you need coarse- and fine-grained interfaces. Your model
provides your fine-grained interface, and a façade
provides a coarse-grained interface. Think of a fine-grained
interface as private. You only want to share the most intimate
details of an object to a selected number of, ahem, clients. Your
public façade will provide the entry point to the rest of
the world.

You probably code this way already. If you don't,
you're in for a treat. Facades make a convenient
interface for providing a secure, transactional, or distributed
service. You can offer these services transparently with many of the
techniques in this book. Your façade need not be a session
bean. You can achieve many of the benefits through lightweight
containers and possibly RMI. The difference between this model and
CORBA is striking: you don't sacrifice transparency,
but you can attach coarse-grained or fine-grained services to the
appropriate interfaces. Apply coarse services like messaging,
distribution, transactions, and security to your façade,
and your fine-grained servicessuch as logging and
persistenceto your model.


4.7.2 A New Programming Paradigm


You might have noticed that

object-oriented technologies do not handle services, like security or
logging, that broadly reach across many objects very well. Academics
call this problem crosscutting concerns. For
this reason, many researchers and leading edge developers
increasingly tout the aspect-oriented programming
(AOP) model. While it's still in its
infancy, AOP lets you insulate the issues of crosscutting concerns
from the rest of your application. I'll talk more
about AOP in Chapter 11.

It's my belief that new programming models evolve
much more slowly than predicted. I also believe that once they
succeed, they have a much bigger impact than we expect. Such was the
case with object-oriented technology, which grew incrementally over
10 years through the adoption of C++, the commercial failure of
Smalltalk, and finally the successful adoption of Java. You can find
similar adoption patterns around high-level languages, structured
programming, and even interpreted languages. While you might not see
widespread AOP adoption by next year, you will likely see ideas that
support an AOP move to the forefront rapidly:










Transparency


In this chapter, you've seen the


impact of transparency across the Java
language. The fundamental goal of AOP is to take crosscutting
concerns out of your model.


Byte code enhancement


Many developers and decision

makers
reacted violently to any framework considering this technology,
especially early versions of JDO. Increasingly, Java developers are
recognizing the value of byte code enhancement. With each new
implementation, support gets stronger.


Interceptors


Aspect-oriented frameworks

intercept program control at critical
places, such as when control passes into or from a method, when
objects are destroyed, and when variable values change. Interceptors
provide a convenient way of attaching behavior to an object through
configuration, without forcing changes upon a model.


Lightweight containers


In Chapter 8, you'll see a
lightweight


container called Spring in action.
Designers quickly saw that containers such as Spring, Avalon, and
Pico make AOP easier.



Networking in person or online is the best way to deal with constant
change. You need to be near the buzz so that you can respond to the
ceaseless waves of changes as they break.


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