which is doubtful. So we are not to blame when adopting the same method they followed, and to add to the rules known for them the new rules recognized by recent traditionists, which they employed to verify, investigate and analyze the texts so as to comprehend their denotations. The point that has no room for any doubt being that, the Muslims have differed in opinions regarding Uthman, and this disagreement resulted in a disorder and insurrection that created disunion and discord after which they haven't attained unity or agreement till the present time.684 Taha Husayn concluded this chapter with some elaboration about the rules that everyone studying the Islamic history should follow and base his research on their principles, so as to employ them to verify, investigate and analyze the texts and comprehend their denotations. He also obligated upon anyone intending to study these reports properly, to adopt a stand toward narrators of reports as that of a psychologist, viewing them as ordinary people liable to err and be right, and may tell the truth or falsehood." Further, he should seek truth and equity when investigating their narrations, believing nothing out of malignance, or denying nothing out of self desire. If these healthy rules cited by Dr. Taha Husayn enrage some people, they undoubtedly deserve approval and confidence of ilm (knowledge), truth and religion altogether. I conclude this chapter with a word recorded by Dr. Ahmad Amin (may God's mercy be upon him) in his book Duha al-Islam,685 through a letter by some Zaydis, saying. "We noticed how the Sahabah used to criticize each other, or rather curse each other, and if the Companions were at a position where no criticism or cursing be permitted, we would be able to recognize this fact through them themselves, as they are better aware of their status than common people of our present time.686 For example Talhah, al-Zubayr and A'ishah and their supporters have forsaken Ali, with Mu'awiyah and Amr ibn al-As having not fallen short of smiting him and his followers with the sword. It is also
684. 684. Al-Fitnah al-kubra, p.17 and following pages. 685. Duha al-Islam, vol.III, pp.75,76. 686. Similar to them are the commoners of our time, though disguising among people under cloak of ulama'.
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