Winnipeg - Winnipeg [Electronic resources] نسخه متنی

Winnipeg

I INTRODUCTION

Winnipeg, capital and largest city of the province of Manitoba, Canada. Winnipeg is located in the province's southeastern corner, where the rugged Canadian Shield gives way to open prairie, at the confluence of the Red and Assiniboine rivers. Because of its strategic location, the city is often called “The Gateway to the West.”

Winnipeg has long, cold winters and warm summers. The average daily temperature range in January is -24 C to -13 C (-11 F to 8 F). The average July range is 13 C to 26 C (56 F to 79 F). The average yearly precipitation is 504 mm (19.8 inches), much of it in the form of snow.

II PEOPLE

In 1951 Winnipeg was Canada's fourth largest city. Despite steady growth, it had slipped to seventh place by 1981. In 1981 the city proper had a population of 564,473, while the metropolitan area had a population of 592,061; in 2001 the city had a population of 619,544, and the metropolitan area had a population of 690,100. The metropolitan area contained almost 60 percent of Manitoba's entire population.

Winnipeg was formed from both English- and French-speaking communities. The southwest district, along the Assiniboine, was largely English-speaking. This is where local merchants and other civic leaders lived, and many of their grand houses still remain. Across the Red River, the former town of Saint Boniface—now part of Winnipeg—was French-speaking and still has a large French-speaking community. Eastern European immigrants were concentrated in the city's North End, north of the main railways; indigenous people are found mostly in that area today.

People of British origin form Winnipeg's largest ethnic group (24 percent), although immigrants from other parts of Europe and, recently, Asia give the city a cosmopolitan character. The other principal ethnic groups are Ukrainians (7 percent), Germans (7 percent), French (5 percent), Filipinos (3 percent), Poles (2 percent), Jews (2 percent), and Chinese (2 percent). Winnipeg also has more than 20,000 indigenous people, more than any other Canadian city.

III CITY LANDSCAPE

Winnipeg sits on a low-lying plain where the Assiniboine River flows into the Red River. The city proper, or area within the city limits, has a land area of 464 sq km (179 sq mi), and the metropolitan area has a land area of 4078 sq km (1574 sq mi). The rivers flood frequently, but the city is protected by the Red River Floodway, a large diversion channel opened in 1968. Winnipeg is also a major railway junction, and railways and rivers together played a major role in the city's early development.

Winnipeg grew up around the district called The Forks, at the river junction. For many years this historic site was covered by railroad yards, but in recent years it has been redeveloped as a heritage park and recreation center. Winnipeg also has an impressive collection of pre-1914 buildings, especially in the Exchange District, with its warehouses and office blocks. Old Market Square, a popular downtown park, is located in the Exchange District too. Close by is Centennial Centre, a modern complex, which is home to three of Canada's leading arts organizations, the Royal Winnipeg Ballet, the Winnipeg Symphony Orchestra, and the Manitoba Opera. Adding to Winnipeg's rich cultural scene are a number of other musical and theatrical groups, including the Manitoba Theatre Company. Of the city's various annual festivals, the New Music Festival, the Folk Festival, and Folklorama (a celebration of Winnipeg's many ethnic groups) are probably the best known. Important institutions in Winnipeg include the University of Manitoba (1877), the University of Winnipeg (1967), the Winnipeg Art Gallery, and the Museum of Man and Nature. The city also has a number of specialized museums.

Winnipeg's best-known sports team, the Blue Bombers of the Canadian Football League (CFL), plays in Canad Inns Stadium. The Manitoba Moose of the International Hockey League are based close by, at Winnipeg Arena. Winnipeg has many parks and recreational facilities, especially along the Assiniboine. The largest, Assiniboine Park, offers various attractions, including a zoo and a sculpture garden. The grounds of the Manitoba Legislative Building also open onto the Assiniboine.

IV ECONOMY

Winnipeg has a diversified economy. The prairie soils are fertile and produce large quantities of grain and livestock. The area north and east of the city is rich in forest and mineral resources and water power for electricity. In addition to providing public services of all kinds, Winnipeg is the distribution center for the eastern prairies and the northwestern province of Ontario and a financial and grain marketing center. It has a broad industrial base, with industries involved in the manufacture and repair of agricultural and transportation equipment, brewing, meatpacking, clothing and textiles, and medical research. The city is also home to the headquarters and main production facility of the Royal Canadian Mint.

Because of its strategic location, Winnipeg serves as the transportation gateway to the prairie region from the east. The city is located on both of Canada's transcontinental railways—the Canadian National and the Canadian Pacific—and the Trans-Canada Highway. It also has a busy international airport.

V GOVERNMENT

After years of discord among the 12 municipalities that contained most of the population of the metropolitan area, the provincial government merged them into the single municipality of Winnipeg, informally called Unicity, in 1972. To maintain local representation, the united city is divided into five “communities,” each of which comprises three wards. Each ward elects a member to the city council. Only the mayor is elected at large. The mayor and councillors serve three-year terms. Executive responsibility rests with an appointed five-member board of commissioners.

VI CONTEMPORARY ISSUES

Between 1981 and 1991 Winnipeg undertook an ambitious revitalization program to overcome serious problems of inner-city decay. Called the Core Area Initiative, this program sparked a great deal of new construction, including renovation of downtown historic buildings, but did little to improve living conditions among Winnipeg's poorest people.

VII HISTORY

The Red River was an important trade route for indigenous peoples, who for centuries used The Forks as a meeting place and campsite. The Cree, Assiniboine, and Ojibwa nations all used the site, as did French and British fur traders. Beginning in 1738, rival fur-trading groups built a series of forts and trading posts in the vicinity. The last of these was Upper Fort Garry, built in 1835 by the Hudson's Bay Company. Farming began in 1812, when Scottish settlers founded the Red River Colony. The Métis, a people of mixed indigenous and European descent who regarded the area as their homeland, also took up farms along the Red River. In 1869, as the area was about to become a territory of the Dominion of Canada, the Métis seized Upper Fort Garry because Canadian expansion was a threat to their own territorial claims and to their unique way of life. This began the Red River Rebellion, which ended with Canada's 1870 agreement to make Manitoba a self-governing province. Winnipeg was made the provincial capital.

The young city came into its own after 1885, when the Canadian Pacific Railway was extended to the Pacific Coast, but it did not really boom until the great wave of pioneer immigrants reached the prairies after 1900. By 1911 Winnipeg was Canada's third largest city, and its merchants dominated trade throughout the region. At the same time, many immigrant families lived in poverty, with poor health and housing conditions, and discrimination was widespread. As a result, social and political reform movements flourished, as did labor unrest. Agitation among workers culminated in the Winnipeg General Strike of 1919, the most famous general strike in Canadian history. At least 30 strikers were injured and two killed when Royal North-West Mounted Police (now the Royal Canadian Mounted Police) charged and fired into a crowd of nonviolent protesters. Federal troops occupied the city streets, forcing an end to the strike without any serious consideration of the workers' grievances.

Bitterness against foreigners, who were accused of encouraging the workers to strike, persisted in Winnipeg for years after 1919. Tensions eased only gradually as immigration declined. It was a sign of progress when a man of Ukrainian descent was elected mayor in 1956. Since about that time the city has become increasingly cosmopolitan.

A building boom began in the 1960s with construction of tall office buildings, hotels, and apartments. Population growth led the provincial legislature in 1960 to establish a regional government, comprising Winnipeg and 11 suburbs, to administer zoning, transit, water supply, and other services for the metropolitan area. It was this government that became the Unicity in 1972.

Development continued with the opening of the Winnipeg Convention Centre in 1975 and the creation of a system of enclosed walkways above the city's streets. The redevelopment of The Forks was undertaken as part of the Core Area Initiative that began in 1981. Winnipeg was the site of the Pan American Games—an amateur sports competition for the entire western hemisphere—in 1967 and 1999.

Contributed By:

Peter J. Smith

Winnipeg, Manitoba

Most of Manitoba's population lives in the southern part of the province, where the principal urban centers are located. Winnipeg, which is in this region, is the capital and largest city of Manitoba. The city grew in the early 20th century due to an influx of European settlers. Winnipeg now serves as a commercial and distribution center for regional agricultural and mining production.

Photo Researchers, Inc./Porterfield-Chickering