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Toronto
I INTRODUCTION
Toronto, capital city of the province of Ontario, Canada, located on the northwestern shore of Lake Ontario. Toronto has the largest metropolitan area in Canada and is the financial center of the country. The city is part of the Golden Horseshoe, a highly urbanized and industrialized region extending around the west end of Lake Ontario. In the 1990s Toronto was ranked among the top ten world cities, both in livability and as a place to do business.
Toronto has a climate with strong seasonal variations, which are tempered somewhat by the presence of the lake. Summers are warm and humid, and the temperature is often below freezing in the winter. In July the mean temperature ranges from 18 C to 27 C (64 F to 80 F), in January from -8 C to -1 C (18 F to 30 F).
II TORONTO AND ITS METROPOLITAN AREA
The City of Toronto covers 97 sq km (38 sq mi). It is composed of six communities: Toronto, North York, Scarborough, Etobicoke, York, and East York. The city and its surrounding area is called Toronto's census metropolitan area (CMA). A CMA is a geographic area that contains the main labor market of an urbanized zone; that is, the area from which people commute to work within the zone, including downtown. Toronto's CMA covers 5,868 sq km (2,266 sq mi). By comparison, the CMA of Montréal, Québec, is 4,024 sq km (1,554 sq mi), and that of Vancouver, British Columbia, is 2,821 sq km (1,089 sq mi).
Government buildings are prominent in the city. Queen's Park, the site of the Ontario Parliament buildings, stands at the head of Toronto's wide ceremonial street, University Avenue. Conspicuous in the downtown are the new Metro Hall and the more spectacular City Hall with two curved towers that stands in Nathan Phillips Square. Ontario Power Generation operates from a striking, partly solar-heated tower. Other points of interest include Saint James Anglican Cathedral and Saint Michael's Roman Catholic Cathedral, both downtown. The nearby Saint Lawrence Market is crowded on Saturday mornings.
Commanding the whole region, the CN Tower near the central waterfront rises high over the city at 553 m (1,815 ft). It is the tallest freestanding structure in the world. Next to it is Rogers Centre (formerly known as the SkyDome), the first domed stadium with a retractable roof. High-rise office buildings and hotels dominate the financial district; the tallest, First Canadian Place, is 72 stories. Across from the classical-style Union Station is the imposing Royal York Hotel, at one time the largest hotel in the British Commonwealth. An underground concourse, bordered by shops, runs beneath the tall buildings for nearly 2 km. On the route is Toronto Eaton Centre, a large mall with three levels of shops. Clusters of offices with shopping malls are found up the Yonge Street corridor and around suburban centers. Across Toronto Bay from the central waterfront are the Toronto Islands, containing a large park, with housing at the east end and an airport at the west end. The Don River enters the bay near downtown.
III POPULATION: A CITY OF IMMIGRANTS
The population of the Toronto CMA was 5,203,600 in 2004. The population of the city proper stood at 2,481,494 in 2001, up from 635,395 in 1991. Toronto's CMA is the most populous in Canada; Montréal, in the province of Québec, is second largest at 3,607,200 (2004 estimate).
After 1945, job opportunities in Toronto were so great that a large influx of European immigrants from many countries contributed to the city's population growth. In some years of the 1950s Canada actually received more immigrants than the United States, even though the United States had ten times as many people. The largest share came to Toronto. In the 1960s and later, fewer immigrants came from Europe, where economies had become stronger. Instead, more immigrants arrived from the Caribbean islands and Asia.
After 1970 the population growth was primarily in the communities around the metropolitan area. Despite a faltering Canadian economy in the 1990s, immigrants continued to arrive in the Toronto CMA, most conspicuously from Hong Kong. People of Chinese origin now account for over 10 percent of the city's population. Foreign-born residents constitute 42 percent of the population, the highest metropolitan percentage on the North American continent. The ethnic breakdown of metropolitan Toronto in the 1991 census was British, 17.3 percent; Italian, 7.8 percent; Chinese, 7.6 percent; Canadian, 5.7 percent; black, 3.9 percent; Jewish, 3.6 percent; Portuguese, 3.6 percent; East Indian, 3.4 percent; Polish, 2.2 percent; Greek, 2.2 percent; German, 1.6 percent; Ukrainian, 1.3 percent; French, 1.3 percent; multiple origins, 22 percent; and others, 16.5 percent.
IV EDUCATION AND CULTURE
Toronto is the cultural center of Ontario and of English-speaking Canada. Three public universities serve the region. The renowned University of Toronto (1827), in the central area, has more than 50,000 students. The University of Toronto also has two suburban campuses, one to the west in the city of Mississauga and another to the east in Scarborough within the City of Toronto. Recently, the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education (1963) joined it. Near the northern margin of the city is York University (1959), a large research and teaching institution. In the central area are Ryerson Polytechnic University (1948), and the Ontario College of Art (1876). Four postsecondary community colleges operate on 29 scattered campuses. High schools and elementary schools are placed throughout residential areas.
The Art Gallery of Ontario is located near the downtown. It has a large collection of sculptures by British artist Henry Moore and paintings by the Group of Seven, prominent Canadian artists from the 1920s. The Ontario Science Centre in North York, the region's principal science museum, and the Royal Ontario Museum on Queen's Park, one of North America's finest institutions for art and archaeology, are popular with young people interested in the natural and artificial wonders of the world. Among other cultural facilities in Toronto are McLaughlin Planetarium; Massey Hall (1894), a concert hall; Roy Thompson Hall, home of the noted Toronto Symphony Orchestra; and Hummingbird Centre (formerly O'Keefe Centre), home of the Canadian Opera Company and the National Ballet of Canada.
Toronto is second only to New York City on the North American continent for live theater: it has five major theaters, including the new Prince of Wales, and the new Ford Centre for the Performing Arts in the city center of North York. Toronto also has many off-Broadway-type small theaters. Theatergoers from the Great Lakes region, as far east as Syracuse, New York, and west beyond Detroit, Michigan, board buses to see productions in Toronto. The Toronto International Film Festival, held for two weeks every September, is one of the best-attended film festivals in the world and has become an important source for discovery of new films by motion-picture distribution companies.
V RECREATION
On the central waterfront is Harbourfront, a redeveloped industrial region containing the Canadian Railway Museum and the Marine Museum, several restaurants, and pedestrian walkways along the water's edge. Across the bay are the Toronto Islands, a favorite playground. Exhibition Park on the western lakeshore hosts the annual , one of the largest fairs in the world. Caribana is a major Caribbean music and costume festival held there every August. Adjoining the exhibition grounds is Ontario Place, an extensive entertainment park. Also in the vicinity is old Fort York, which still looks substantially as it did when it was rebuilt after American forces burned it in 1813 during the War of 1812. About 3 km (about 2 mi) northwest of City Hall, on the brow of Davenport hill, is Casa Loma, an imposing European-style castle that is now a museum. In the far northeast side of the City is the Toronto Zoo, a modern zoo covering many acres and with well-designed animal displays.
The state-of-the-art SkyDome stadium complex (now known as Rogers Centre) built in 1989 features a retractable roof that can open in 20 minutes to expose the playing field and most of the 50,000 seats to the open air. It is the home of professional football and baseball teams—the Argonauts of the Canadian Football League and the Blue Jays of the American League. The Blue Jays, winners of the 1992 and 1993 World Series, were the first non-U.S. team to win professional baseball's championship. In 1999 the Air Canada Centre opened as the home for the Raptors of the National Basketball Association and the Toronto Maple Leafs of the National Hockey League. The Hockey Hall of Fame is in downtown Toronto.
VI ECONOMY
Toronto's economy has changed over the past 20 years, with financial and business services becoming the largest sector. Included in this sector are banks, stock markets, insurance, advertising, marketing, accounting firms, and law firms. Toronto ranks third on the continent, behind New York City and Chicago, Illinois, in the number of major corporations that have their head offices there.
Toronto is the leading printing and publishing center of English-speaking Canada and also has more software production companies than other parts of Canada. One of the community colleges, Sheridan College in Mississauga, trains many of North America's animation artists. In distribution services, Toronto is the chief Canadian center for telecommunications, broadcasting, and air transport. Government and other public services, notably health and education, are major employers.
Manufacturing, once a mainstay of the diverse economy, receded somewhat in the 1990s. Automobile parts and assembly at the same time became a stronger component of the manufacturing sector, and the Toronto region's importance in this field is second only to that of Detroit. Cars and trucks are Canada's most valuable export, and the auto manufacturer General Motors is the largest industrial employer. Another large employer is Northern Telecom, a major world producer of telecommunications equipment. De Havilland Aircraft produces commuter aircraft, and the area also has a number of aircraft parts producers. Construction, once a strong element in the Toronto economy, weakened in the 1990s.
Manufacturing and other fields have been helped by relatively cheap electrical energy provided by Ontario Power Generation. Power for Toronto was originally generated in steam plants and later at Niagara Falls. Natural gas and oil pipelines connect the region to the sources of these resources in western Canada.
Within the city, the Toronto Transit Commission operates subways, buses, and streetcars. The streetcars are preserved on certain downtown routes as a link to the city's past and are a distinctive feature of Toronto. Municipalities outside Toronto operate their own bus services that link to the Toronto system. The Government of Ontario (GO) system also deploys commuter trains and buses within the metropolitan area outside Toronto.
By air, Toronto is served by Lester B. Pearson International Airport, located to the west in Mississauga. It is the largest airport in Canada. Some short-takeoff-and-landing commercial commuter aircraft operate from the island airport downtown.
Although passenger rail traffic is far less than in early years of the 20th century, VIA Rail transports passengers to Montréal and Ottawa several times a day. Daily trains run to New York City and Chicago and, on the Transcontinental line, to Vancouver, British Columbia. The Canadian National and Canadian Pacific railways serve Toronto with freight facilities, including intermodal yards where truck trailers are loaded on rail cars for transport. The railways also haul automobiles from several plants in the area (at Oshawa, Oakville, Brampton, and Alliston) to Canadian and American markets. Toronto's harbor receives modest traffic through the St. Lawrence Seaway.
VII GOVERNMENT
The provincial government has power over the six municipalities. At crucial times it has exercised power to reshape local administration. Provincial legislation created the Municipality of Metropolitan Toronto, or Metro, on January 1, 1954. It included the municipality of Toronto and five surrounding suburban municipalities: the cities of North York, Scarborough, Etobicoke, York, and East York. The second metropolitan regional government on the continent (New York City was the first in 1898), it became a model for other urban consolidations.
Metro had much greater powers than a county: It was responsible for police, sewage and waste disposal, public housing, major social services, a central library, and the financing of education. It also sold water to local municipalities, which then sold it to homes and businesses. Inside Metro, the Toronto Transit Commission operated the extensive public transit system, including subways. Local road maintenance, trash collection, maintenance of local parks and recreational areas, tax collection, and fire protection were the responsibilities of the local municipalities.
On January 1, 1998, the Ontario government legislated that all six municipalities within Metro would amalgamate into one City of Toronto. The new city is governed by a council of 57 members, one of whom is the mayor, currently the former mayor of North York, Mel Lastman. The former municipalities each have a community council composed of councilors within their boundaries. These councils have very limited powers.
In the 1980s the provincial government defined another level of governmental coordination, called the Greater Toronto Area or GTA, which includes Toronto. At about 7200 sq km (about 2800 sq mi) and a population of more than 4.6 million, the GTA includes most of the Toronto CMA, the neighboring Oshawa CMA, and part of Hamilton CMA. Outside Metro, there were four regional governments containing 24 municipalities. A task force chartered by the province issued a report in 1996 called the Golden Report that recommended creating a strong GTA-wide governing body to deal with regional issues. The Toronto Area Services Board has responsibility for GO Transit, the commuter rail and bus service serving a wide area.
VIII QUALITY-OF-LIFE ISSUES
In Toronto, neighborhood residents have long banded together in residents associations. In the postwar era they have resisted the pressure—created by rapid growth—to redevelop the central city and build expressways. The residents elected politicians who were committed to preserving the old housing stock in the city. These politicians also started housing projects that mixed middle-class and low-income people. Streetcars remained on many streets.
Although high-rise office buildings shot up in the downtown, as did many apartment blocks in older residential areas, restrictions on marginal development have maintained high population densities in the inner city. Toronto's strong public transit system has also helped inner-city residents of all income levels to continue living where they prefer. The quality of life in the inner city is thus higher than in most American cities.
IX HISTORY
The Toronto Passage, as it was known, was described in 1615 by explorer Etienne Brûlé and was used as an overland shortcut between Lakes Ontario and Huron. The word Toronto is thought to be derived from the Huron term for place of meeting. Well known to French fur traders, the location became the site of a French garrison, Fort Rouillé, in the mid-18th century. The fort was burned in 1759 during the British conquest of Canada. The British government bought the land by Toronto Bay from the indigenous Mississauga people in 1787 and founded the town of York there in 1793 as the capital of the new province of Upper Canada (now Ontario). The first settlers were British officials and merchants.
Through the activities of these early settlers, the town emerged as a transportation hub and commercial center. In 1813, during the War of 1812, it was occupied briefly by U.S. troops. The settlement benefited from the opening of the Erie Canal in 1825 and from the arrival of railroads in the mid-19th century. In 1834 York was incorporated as a city and renamed Toronto.
Toronto's first mayor, Scotsman William Lyon Mackenzie, rallied the group of settlers against the group of aristocrats, known as the Family Compact, which ruled the province in the early 19th century. When he failed to break its power by parliamentary methods, he tried to seize Toronto by force in the Rebellions of 1837. He attracted only a few hundred rebels to his side, and Canada's only armed revolt led by English-speaking Canadians soon failed.
As the chief city in Ontario, Toronto grew to about 80,000 by 1880. Growth was the result of an expanding commercial agriculture and the harvesting of hardwood and softwood lumber used in the construction of cities and towns.
Between 1883 and 1889 and again between 1905 and 1912, when its population reached nearly 500,000, Toronto annexed parts of York Township and other incorporated places. By then it had nearly caught up to Montréal in population and economic importance for Canada. Rapid growth over the three decades or so after 1880 was the result of growth in manufacturing, much of it of high value, largely for the Canadian market. Farm implements were important. Around 1900, American branch plants, like those of the General Electric Company, contributed to the city's growth. Rapid growth was also a consequence of mining in northern Ontario, much of it to supply American industry. Hydroelectricity from Niagara Falls began to supplant coal imported from Pennsylvania. Employment opportunities attracted young people from the countryside and many immigrants, most of whom, in that period, came from England and Scotland.
After 1913 metropolitan population growth slowed, but when World War II (1939-1945) began, Toronto became a major supplier of military goods. The creation of Metro was a consequence of rapid growth after 1940: By 1953 the population of the Metro area had reached 1.2 million. In the booming decade of the 1950s, under Chairman Frederick Gardiner, Metro directed development and planning in an orderly fashion. At the beginning Metro was composed of 13 municipalities, including the City of Toronto and neighboring towns, villages, and townships. In 1967 the 13 were combined into 6 municipalities.
In 1965 the Autopact agreement between the United States and Canada opened the way for Canadian auto plants to produce automobiles for sale in the United States as well as in Canada. A further major reason for growth was continued mining in northern Ontario and elsewhere to supply the military buildup of the Cold War, a period of hostility between the world's Communist and non-Communist powers. Toronto partly financed the rapidly expanding oil and gas industry in Alberta and its neighboring provinces. From 1940 to 1975 Toronto had one of the most rapidly growing regional economies on the continent. By 1971 Toronto had reached 2.2 million, and downtown Toronto had surpassed Montréal as the financial center of Canada. In fact, the large Montréal banks moved many of their key operations to Toronto. Toronto had more head offices of manufacturing, mining, and service companies than any other city in Canada. Its stock exchange far overshadowed others in Canada, and its market in mining stocks was the biggest on the continent.
Contributed By:James Lemon
Toronto, OntarioOntario is the most urbanized Canadian province, with four-fifths of its people living in urban areas. Toronto, the provincial capital, is the most populous city in Ontario and the province's leading manufacturing center.
ALLSTOCK, INC./Peter Timmermans
