Oracle Database 10g XML SQL [Electronic resources] : Design, Build Manage XML Applications in Java, C, C++ PL/SQL نسخه متنی

Glossary

API

See application program interface.

application program interface (API)

A set of public programmatic interfaces that consists of a language or message format to communicate with an operating system or other programmatic environment, such as a database, web server, JVM, and so forth. When formatted as messages, they will typically call functions and methods that are available for application development.

application server

A server that is designed to host applications and their environments, permitting server applications to run. A typical example is Oracle Application Server 10g, which is able to host Java, C, C++, and PL/SQL applications in cases in which a remote client controls the interface. See also Oracle Application Server.

attribute

A property of an element that consists of a name and a value separated by an equal sign and contained within the start tag after the element name. In the example <Price units=“USD”>5</Price>, priceis the attribute and USD is its value, which must be in single or double quotes. Elements may have many attributes, but their retrieval order is not defined.

BFILE

A Large Object (LOB) data type that is an external binary file that exists outside the database files and tablespaces residing in the operating system. BFILEs are referenced from the database semantics and are also known as External LOBs.

Binary Large Object (BLOB)

A LOB data type whose content consists of binary data. This data is considered raw because its structure is not recognized by the database.

BLOB

See Binary Large Object.

business-to-business (B2B)

The electronic exchange of goods and services between businesses. The software infrastructure to enable this is referred to as an exchange.

business-to-consumer (B2C)

The electronic exchange of goods and services between businesses and consumers in the selling of goods and services.

callback

A programmatic technique in which one process starts another and then continues. The second process then calls the first as a result of an action, value, or other event. This technique is used in most programs that have a user interface to allow continuous interaction.

cartridge

A stored program in Java or PL/SQL that adds the necessary functionality for the database to understand and manipulate a new data type. Cartridges interface through the Extensibility Framework within Oracle 8i or later.Oracle Text is such a cartridge, adding support for reading, writing, and searching text documentsstored within the database.

CDATA

See character data.

CGI

See Common Gateway Interface.

character data (CDATA)

Text in a document that should not be parsed is put within a CDATA section. This allows for the inclusion of characters that would otherwise have special functions, such as &, <, >, and so on. CDATA sections can be used in the content of an element or in attributes. The syntax for element content is <![CDATA[ put the text here ]]>.

Character Large Object (CLOB)

A LOB data type whose value is composed of character data that corresponds to the database character set. A CLOB may be indexed and searched by the Oracle Text search engine.

child element

An element that is wholly contained within another element, which is referred to as its parent element. For example, <Parent><Child></Child></Parent> illustrates a child element nested within its parent element.

CLASSPATH

The operating system environmental variable that the JDK or JRE uses to find the Java source, classes, and resources it needs to run applications.

client/server

The application architecture in which the actual application runs on the client but accesses data or other external processes on a server across a network.

CLOB

See Character Large Object.

command line

The interface method in which the user enters commands at the command interpreter’s prompt.

Common Gateway Interface (CGI)

Industry-standard programming interfaces that enable web servers to execute other programs and pass their output to HTML pages, graphics, audio, and video sent to browsers.

Common Object Request Broker API (CORBA)

An Object Management Group standard for communicating between distributed objects across a network. These CORBA objects are self-contained software modules that can be used by applications that run on different platforms or operating systems. CORBA objects and their data formats and functions are defined in the Interface Definition Language (IDL), which can be compiled in a variety of languages, including Java, C, C++, Smalltalk, and COBOL.

Common Oracle Runtime Environment (CORE)

The library of functions written in C that enables developers to create code that can be easily ported to virtually any platform and operating system.

CORBA

See Common Object Request Broker API.

Database Access Descriptor (DAD)

A virtual path for Oracle’s PL/SQL cartridge and a named set of configuration values used for database access. A DAD specifies information such as the database name or the SQL*Net V2 service name; the ORACLE_HOME directory; and the Globalization Support language configuration information, such as language, sort type, and date language.

datagram

A text fragment, which may be in XML format, that is returned to the requester embedded in an HTML page from a SQL query processed by the XSQL Servlet.

DBUriType

The Oracle XML DB data type used for storing instances of the data type that permits XPath-based navigation of database schemas.

DOCTYPE

The tag name that designates the DTD or its reference within an XML document. For example, <!DOCTYPE person SYSTEM “person.dtd”> declares the root element name as person and an external DTD as person.dtd in the file system. Internal DTDs are declared within the DOCTYPE declaration.

Document Object Model (DOM)

An in-memory tree-based object representation of an XML document that enables programmatic access to its elements and attributes. The DOM object and its interface is a W3C recommendation.

Document Type Definition (DTD)

A set of rules that defines the allowable structure of an XML document. DTDs are text files that derive their format from SGML and can be included in an XML document either by using the DOCTYPE element or by using an external file through a DOCTYPE reference.

DOM

See Document Object Model.

DTD

See Document Type Definition.

element

The basic logical unit of an XML document that may serve as a container for other elements, such as children, data, and attributes and their values. Elements are identified by start tags, <tagname>, and end tags, </tagname> or, in the case of empty elements, <tagname/>.

empty element

An element without text content or child elements. It may contain only attributes and their values. Empty elements are of the form <tagname/> or <tagname></tagname> (with no space between the tags).

Enterprise Java Beans (EJB)

An independent program module that runs within a JVM on the server. Oracle Application Server 10g provides the infrastructure for EJBs, and a container layer provides security, transaction support, and other common functions on any supported server.

entity

A string of characters that may represent either another string of characters or special characters that are not part of the document’s character set. Entities, and the text that is substituted for them by the parser, are declared in the DTD.

ExistNode

The SQL operator provided in Oracle9i and Oracle Database 10g that returns TRUE or FALSE based upon the existence of an XPath expression within an XMLType.

Extensible Markup Language (XML)

An open standard developed by W3C for describing data using a subset of the SGML syntax. XML is designed for Internet use. Version 1.0 is the current standard, published as a W3C recommendation in February 1998.

Extensible Stylesheet Language (XSL)

The language used within stylesheets to transform or render XML documents. There are two W3C recommendations covering XSL stylesheets—XSL Transformations (XSLT) and XSL Formatting Objects (XSLFO).

Extensible Stylesheet Language Formatting Objects (XSLFO)

The W3C standard specification that defines an XML vocabulary for specifying formatting semantics.

Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformations (XSLT)

The XSL W3C standard specification that defines a transformation language to convert one XML document into another.

Extract

The SQL operator provided in Oracle9i and Oracle Database 10g that retrieves fragments of XML documents stored as XMLTypes.

function-based index

A database index built on an expression, which can be an arithmetic expression or an expression that contains a PL/SQL function, package function, C callout, or SQL function. Function-based indexes also support linguistic sorts based on collation keys, efficient linguistic collation of SQL statements, and case-insensitive sorts. They extend your indexing capabilities beyond indexing on a column and increase the variety of ways in which you can access data.

HASPATH

The SQL operator provided in Oracle9i and Oracle Database 10g that is part of Oracle Text and used for querying XMLType data types for the existence of a specific XPath.

HTML

See Hypertext Markup Language.

HTTP

See Hypertext Transport Protocol.

HTTPUriType

The SQL operator provided in Oracle9i and Oracle Database 10g that is used for storing instances of the data type that permits XPath-based navigation of database schemas in remote HTTP servers.

Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)

The markup language that is used to create the files sent to web browsers and that serves as the basis of the World Wide Web. HTML’s next version is XHTML and is an XML application.

Hypertext Transport Protocol (HTTP)

The protocol used for transporting HTML files across the Internet between web servers and browsers.

IDE

See Integrated Development Environment.

iFS

See Internet File System.

INPATH

The SQL operator provided in Oracle9i and Oracle Database 10g that is part of Oracle Text and used to query XMLType data types for specific text within a specific XPath.

instantiate

In object-based languages such as Java and C++, refers to the creation of an object of a specific class.

Integrated Development Environment (IDE)

A set of programs designed to aid in the development of software that is run from a single user interface. Oracle JDeveloper is an IDE for Java development because it includes an editor, compiler, debugger, syntax checker, help system, and so on, to permit Java software development through a single user interface.

Internet File System (iFS)

The Oracle file system that has a Web GUI and a Java-based development environment (called Oracle Content Management SDK) and that runs on a middle tier and provides a means of creating, storing, and managing multiple types of documents in a single database repository. The Oracle Content Management SDK is available only in Oracle Application Server. The Oracle Files is only shipped with the Oracle Collaboration Suite.

Internet Inter-ORB Protocol (IIOP)

The protocol used by CORBA to exchange messages on a TCP/IP network such as the Internet.

Java

A high-level programming language developed and maintained by Sun Microsystems in which applications run in a Java Virtual Machine (JVM). The JVM is responsible for all interfaces to the operating system. This architecture permits developers to create Java applications and applets that can run on any operating system or platform that has a JVM.

JavaBeans

Java objects whose implementations conform to a set of conventions designed to promote modularity and reusability. They are one example of a component-programming model and can be deployed in a servlet, an applet, or a JSP page.

Java Database Connectivity (JDBC)

The programming API that enables Java applications to access a database through the SQL language. JDBC drivers are written in Java for platform independence but are specific to eachdatabase.

Java Developer’s Kit (JDK)

The collection of Java classes, run-time environment, compiler, debugger, and usually source code that comprises a Java development environment for a particular Java version. JDKs are designated by versions, and Java 2 is used to designate versions from 1.2 onward.

Java Runtime Environment (JRE)

The collection of compiled classes that makes up the JVM on a platform. JREs are designated by versions, and Java 2 is used to designate versions from 1.2 onward.

JavaServer pages (JSP)

An extensionto the servlet functionality that enables a simple programmatic interface to web pages. JSPs are HTML pages with special tags and embedded Java code that is executed on the web or application server to provide dynamic functionality to HTML pages. JSPs are actually compiled into servlets when first requested and are run in the server’s JVM.

Java Virtual Machine (JVM)

The Java interpreter that converts the compiled Java byte code into the machine language of the platform and runs it. JVMs can run on a client, in a browser, on a web server, on an application server such as Oracle Application Server 10g, or on a database server such as Oracle Database 10g.

JAXB Class Generator

A utility that accepts an input file and creates a set of output classes that has corresponding functionality. In the case of the XML JAXB Class Generator, which is compliant with JSR-031 XML Binding Specification (JAXB), the input file is an XML schema and the output is a series of Java classes that can be used to create XML documents that conform to the XML schema.

JDBC

See Java Database Connectivity.

JDeveloper

Oracle’s Java IDE that enables application, applet, and servlet development and includes an editor, compiler, debugger, syntax checker, help system, and so on. In version 10g, JDeveloper has been enhanced to support XML-based development by including the Oracle XDK’s Java libraries integrated for easy use along with XML support in its editor.

JDK

See Java Developer’s Kit.

JServer

The JVM that runs within the memory space of the Oracle8i or later database. In Oracle 8i Release 1, the JVM was Java 1.1 compatible, while Release 2 is Java 1.2 compatible. In Oracle Database 10g, the JVM is compatible with JDK 1.4. It is also known as the OJVM.

JVM

See Java Virtual Machine.

LAN

See local area network.

Large Object (LOB)

The class of SQL data type that is further divided into Internal LOBs and ExternalLOBs. Internal LOBs include BLOBs, CLOBS, and NCLOBs, while External LOBs include BFILES. See also BFILES, Binary Large Object, Character Large Object, and Non-Character Large Object.

listener

The server process that listens for and accepts incoming connection requests from client applications. Oracle listener processes start up Oracle database processes to handle subsequent communications with the client.

LOB

See Large Object.

local area network (LAN)

A computer communications network that serves users within a restricted geographical area. LANs consist of servers, workstations, communications hardware (routers, bridges, network cards, and so on), and a network operating system.

namespace

A set of related element names or attributes within an XML document. The namespace syntax and its usage are defined by a W3C recommendation. For example, the <xsl:apply-templates/> element is identified as part of the XSL namespace. Namespaces are declared in the XML schema or in the XML document before they are used by using the attribute syntax xmlns:xsl=“[ http://www.w3.org/TR/WD-xsl ]”.

NCLOB

See Non-Character Large Object.

node

In XML, each addressable entity in the DOM tree.

Non-Character Large Object (NCLOB)

A CLOB that contains Unicode characters, with a maximum size of 4GB.

NOTATION

In XML, the definition of a content type that is not part of the types understood by the XML parser. These types include audio, video, and other multimedia. For example, to include a GIF image in your XML document you would use <!NOTATION GIF system “image/gif”>.

n-tier

The designation for a computer communications network architecture that consists of one or more tiers made up of clients and servers. Typically, two-tier systems are made up of one client level and one server level. A three-tier system utilizes two server tiers, typically a database server as one tier and a web or application server as the other tier, along with a client tier.

OASIS

See Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information.

object-relational

A relational database system that can also store and manipulate higher-order data types, such as text documents, audio, video files, and user-defined objects.

Object Request Broker (ORB)

Software that manages message communications between requesting programs on clients and between objects on servers. ORBs pass the action request and its parameters to the object and return the results. Common implementations are CORBA and EJB. See also Common Object Request Broker and Enterprise JavaBeans.

Object view

A tailored presentation of the data contained in one or more object tables or other views. The output of an Object view query is treated as a table. Object views can be used in most places where a table is used.

Oracle Application Server (Oracle AS)

The Oracle server that integrates all the core services and features required for building, deploying, and managing high-performance, n-tier, transaction- oriented web applications within an open standards framework.

Oracle Enterprise Manager

A separate Oracle product that combines a graphical console, agents, common services, and tools to provide an integrated and comprehensive systems management platform for managing Oracle products.

ORACLE_HOME

The operating system environmental variable that identifies the location of the Oracle database installation for use by applications.

Oracle Text

An Oracle tool that provides full-text indexing of documents and the capability to do SQL queries over documents, along with XPath-like searching.

Oracle XML DB

A high-performance XML storage and retrieval technology provided with Oracle database server beginning with Oracle9i Release 2. It is based on the W3C XML data model.

ORB

See Object Request Broker.

Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information (OASIS)

An organization of members chartered with promoting public information standards through conferences, seminars, exhibits, and other educational events. Oasis is actively promoting XML as well as SGML.

parent element

An element that surrounds another element, which is referred to as its child element. For example, <Parent><Child></Child></Parent> illustrates a parent element wrapping its child element.

Parsed Character Data (PCDATA)

The element or attribute content consisting of text that should be parsed but is not part of a tag or unparsed data (CDATA).

parser

In XML, a software program that accepts as input an XML document, determines whether it is well formed and, optionally, valid, and provides programmatic access to XML data. The Oracle XML parser supports both SAX and DOM, and JAXP interfaces.

PCDATA

See Parsed Character Data.

PL/SQL

The Oracle procedural database language that extends SQL to create programs that can be run within the database.

prolog

The opening part of an XML document that contains the XML declaration, a possible language encoding, and any DTD or other declarations needed to process the document.

PUBLIC

Specifies the Internet location of the reference that follows it.

renderer

A software processor that outputs a document in a specified format.

result set

The output of a SQL query consisting of one or more rows of data.

root element

The element that encloses all the other elements in an XML document and is located between the optional prolog and epilog. An XML document is permitted to have only one root element.

SAX

See Simple API for XML.

schema

The definition of the structure and data types within a database. It can also be used to refer to an XML document that supports the XML Schema W3C recommendation.

Secure Sockets Layer (SSL)

The primary security protocol on the Internet; utilizes a public key/private key form of encryption between browsers and servers.

Server-Side Include (SSI)

The HTML command used to place data or other content into a web page before sending it to the requesting browser.

servlet

A Java application that runs in a server, typically a web or application server, and performs processing on that server. Servlets are the Java equivalent to CGI scripts.

session

The active connection between two tiers.

SGML

See Structured Generalized Markup Language.

Simple API for XML (SAX)

An XML standard interface provided by XML parsers and used by event-based applications.

Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP)

Lightweight, XML-based protocol for exchanging information in a decentralized, distributed environment.

SQL

See Structured Query Language.

SQL/XML

Part of the ANSI/ISO SQL standard, SQL/XML provides a number of standards-based functions that enable you to query relational data and return XML documents.

SSI

See Server-Side Include.

SSL

See Secure Sockets Layer.

SOAP

See Simple Object Access Protocol

Structured Generalized Markup Language (SGML)

An ISO standard for defining the format of a text document, implemented using markup and DTDs.

Structured Query Language (SQL)

The standard language used to access and process data in a relational database.

stylesheet

In XML, an XML document that consists of XSL processing instructions used by an XSL processor to transform or format an input XML document into an output markup text document (XML, HTML, WML, SVG, etc.).

SYSTEM

Specifies the location on the host operating system of the reference that follows it.

tag

A single piece of XML markup that delimits the start or end of an element. A tag starts with < and ends with >. In XML, there are start tags (<tagname>), end tags (</tagname>), and empty tags (<tagname/>). Unlike HTML, XML tags are case sensitive.

TCP/IP

See Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol.

thread

In programming, a single message or process execution path within an operating system that supports multiple operating systems, such as Windows, UNIX, and Java.

Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)

The communications network protocol that consists of TCP, which controls the transport functions, and IP, which provides the routing mechanism. It is the standard for Internet communications.

Uniform Resource Identifier (URI)

The address syntax that is used to create URLs and XPaths.

Uniform Resource Locator (URL)

The address that defines the location and route to a file or resource on the Internet. URLs are used by browsers to navigate the Web and consist of a protocol prefix, port number, domain name, directory and subdirectory names, and the filename. For example, [ http://technet.oracle.com:80/tech/xml/index ] specifies the location and path a browser travels to find Oracle Technology Network’s XML site on the Web.

URI

See Uniform Resource Identifier.

URL

See Uniform Resource Locator.

user interface (UI)

The combination of menus, screens, keyboard commands, mouse clicks, and command language that defines how a user interacts with a software application.

valid

The status of an XML document when its structure and element content is consistent with that declared in its referenced or included DTD or its XML schema.

W3C

See World Wide Web Consortium.

WAN

See wide area network.

well formed

Describes an XML document that conforms to the syntax of the XML version declared in its XML declaration. This includes having a single root element, properly nested tags, and so forth.

wide area network (WAN)

A computer communications network that serves users within a wide geographic area, such as a state or country. WANs consist of servers, workstations, communications hardware (routers, bridges, network cards, and so on), and a network operating system.

Working Group (WG)

A committee within W3C that is made up of industry members that implement the recommendation process in specific Internet technology areas.

World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)

An international industry consortium started in 1994 to develop standards for the Web. It is located at [ http://www.w3c.org ].

wrapper

A data structure or software that wraps around other data or software, typically to provide a generic or object interface.

XML

See Extensible Markup Language.

XML Developer’s Kit (XDK)

The set of libraries, components, and utilities that provides software developers with the standards-based functionality to XML-enable their applications. In the case of the Oracle XDK for Java, the kit contains an XML parser, an XSLT processor, the XML JAXB Class Generator, the XML SQL Utility, and the XSQL Servlet.

XML Query (XQuery)

W3C’s effort to create a standard for the language and syntax to query XML documents.

XML Schema

W3C’s effort to create a standard to express simple data types and complex structures within an XML document.

XMLType

An Oracle data type that stores XML data using an underlying CLOB column or object-relational columns within a table or view.

XMLType views

Oracle XML DB provides XMPType views as a way to wrap existing relational and object-relational data in XML format. This is especially useful if, for example, your legacy data is not in XML but you have to migrate it to an XML format.

XPath

The open standard syntax for addressing elements within a document used by XSL and XPointer. XPath is currently a W3C recommendation.

XPointer

A reference to an XML document fragment. An XPointer can be used at the end of an XPath-formatted URI. XPointer is also the name of the W3C recommendation that describes the use of XPointers.

XQuery

See XML Query.

XSL

See Extensible Stylesheet Language.

XSLFO

See Extensible Stylesheet Language Formatting Objects.

XSLT

See Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformations.

XSQL

The name of the Oracle Servlet providing the ability to produce dynamic XML documents from one or more SQL queries, optionally transform the document in the server using an XSL stylesheet, and provide HTTP session management.