Search Engine Marketing, Inc.: Driving Search Traffic to Your Companys Web Site [Electronic resources] نسخه متنی

Track Search Marketing Success

Nothing is more important to search marketing success than tracking your progress. If you regularly track your key measurements, they will prompt you to do everything else required to succeed at search marketing. Your measurements help you identify problems when they occur, causing you to take corrective action. But metrics have other value, too.

Strategic use of disappointing metrics can motivate your extended search team to do what you want them to, and motivate your executives to approve more campaigns to correct the problems. Sharing successful metrics can prove the value of search marketing to accomplish the same purposes. So, whether the measurements are good news or bad news, you can use them to make your overall pointthat we need to improve our search marketing.

Whether your new central search team tracks all your metrics for you or you can talk your existing Web metrics team into doing them, the tasks to perform are the same:

Assess your site's content.
Every page within the scope of your search marketing program must be checked regularly for compliance with your content standards and for inclusion in search indexes. Organic search landing pages for each keyword in your campaigns must be checked even more closely.

Check your search rankings.
Each keyword in your search marketing campaigns must have its ranking within your targeted search engines verified on a regular basis to see whether it is improving or degrading.

Monitor search referrals.
The number of visitors coming to your site from search engines must be routinely checked. All campaigns require even greater focus on search traffic referrals for their targeted keywords.

Calculate Web conversions.
Ongoing reporting of successful Web conversions from search referrals proves the value of search marketing and sometimes identifies problems on your Web site outside of search marketing.

Review your measurements with others.
None of these metrics are useful in and of themselves. Before we close this chapter, we explain how to use these statistics and how to drive the organizational behavior you want.

Search metrics help you to identify and diagnose problems as well as to prove success. We begin by putting your content under the microscope.

Assess Your Site's Content

For organic search, your site's content spells the difference between success and failure, as you learned in Chapter 12. Even though you have done the hard work of optimizing your Web pages, you must check your content frequently to ensure it does not deteriorate.

For paid search, you have a lot less to do. You are advised to check your paid search landing pages to make sure that their URLs have not changed. For both paid and organic search, your landing page copy affect conversion rates, but no easy way exists to check that.

Measuring the search friendliness of your content helps you identify problems and correct themproblems in content tagging, keyword prominence and density, links to or from your pages, and inclusion in the search indexes. You can decide that it is too much work, and that you would like to just react to problems as they occur. We advise against that approachyou will never maximize your conversions by just fixing what is wrong. Regular content monitoring will avoid problems and will improve content that is already successful. If you are ready to take a proactive approach, let's tackle the metrics for content tagging.

Content Tagging Measurements

Content tagging metrics report a wide variety of problems in the coding of you128 pages. Here are some content standards that a content reporting tool can police, when run on a regular basis:

Malforme114.
Your pages might contain errors i124 coding that affect the spiders' capability to interpret the page properly.

Poor titles and descriptions.
Some of your pages might be missing <title> and <meta name="description"> tags, or they might contain problematic content. Each page should have a unique title and a unique descriptionone that does not appear on any other page.

Incorrect redirects.
Your pages might use "meta refresh" redirects that are not followed by search spiders. Your URLs might also be redirected through multiple "hops" to get to the final page destination, which spiders will not always follow.

Bloated pages.
Your pages might be excessively lengthy (possibly because they contain JavaScript or style sheets embedded on the page).

A content reporter can detect all of these problems and more. At least monthly, you should evaluate each page on your site that falls within your search marketing program's scope, checking each page for compliance with your content standards. Your content reporter should analyze each page automatically and generate two reports:

An error log that lists each page individually by URL, showing what problems were found

A content scorecard that aggregates the statistics by business area

In Snap's case, each business area sells a separate product line, but in your case business areas could be divisions, countries, or something elseyour business areas should correspond to your organization's structure. Snap kept its scorecard simple, as shown in Table 15-1, with just five items to check. Later in this chapter, we explain what you do with these statistics.

Depending on your budget and your team's ability to do some programming, you can either purchase a content reporter or build one yourself. If you can afford the cost, Watchfire (www.watchfire.com) offers a specialized spider that crawls even the largest site and can find all sorts of searchability problems, even enabling you to customize the rules it uses for checking. It can roll everything up into a set of scorecards that you can use throughout your organization. For those on a budget, WebCEO (www.webceo.com) crawls your site and reports on your content for less than $300.

BUILD YOUR OWN CONTENT REPORTER

If you want a content reporter that is totally customized to your own standards and environment, and you have access to programmers, you can build your own. You need three main components: a collector, an analyzer, and a reporter.

The collector is the component that assembles all of you128 pages to be analyzed. If all of your content is stored in content management systems, the collector could be a small addition to your content management system that "pushes" its content into your analyzer every time a page is changed. If you cannot use that simple approach, the best way to collect your content is the same way search engines do, using your own spider. If you have a site search engine, you might already have a spider roaming your site. If not, you might look into a specialized spider, such as Xenu (http://home.snafu.de/tilman/xenulin121). You will need to work with the spider's developer to feed the content to your analyzersome have interfaces to do that, and some do not. If you need a spider, don't build it yourselfit is the most complicated technology in this system, and it will be smarter to acquire than to build.

The analyzer is the brains of the system. It parse129 and checks it for compliance to your standards. If you just want to check simple things, such as the existence of title tags, or whether links are broken, you can easily develop a program to do that. If you want to thoroughly analyze you128 for coding errors and compliance with a long list of standards, you might want to use a code analyzer, such as WebKing (www.parasoft.com/jsp/products/home.jsp?product=WebKing), which enables you to customize your rules.

Your reporter can take the output of your code analyzer and aggregate the findings into reports for all of the pages, for a product, a product line, a division, a country, or your whole organization. Database software or a report generator, such as Crystal Reports, can be used for this purpose.

Building a content reporter is not the right solution for everyone, but it can be done if you cannot afford the pricey turnkey solutions.

Keyword Prominence and Density Measurements

In Chapter 11, "Choose Your Target Keywords," you decided which pages would serve as organic search landing pages for each keyword in your campaign. You need to regularly inspect those pages even more carefully than the rest of the pages in the scope of your search marketing program. You worked hard on those pages when you started each campaign. Don't let them fall into disrepair.

You recall that a critical part of optimizing each landing page is improving keyword prominence and densitymaking sure that the keywords that page is designed to attract are present in titles and other prominent places, and sprinkled throughout the page. Your keywords should be found early and often.Chapter 11. If you have only a few campaigns totaling several dozen landing pages, you should scrutinize every page once a month. If you have hundreds or thousands of landing pagestoo many to check each one monthlyyou might need to sample some of them each month. Regardless, regular checks of your landing pages will provide early warning for problemsyou will be alerted before you see marked drop-offs in rankings or search referrals. Obviously, if you do see a drop-off in organic search rankings or referrals for a particular landing page, you need to look at that page immediately. And you will see fluctuations in rankings, possibly because your competitors have improved their pages or their offerings. You might see changes because the search engines change their ranking algorithms. Following an ongoing process of checking your organic search landing pages will allow you to maintain and improve your content.

Some auditing programs, such as WebCEO (www.webceo.com, less than $300) and Site Content Analyzer (www.sitecontentanalyzer.com, less than $100) can automatically crawl a set of pages on your site and generate reports, taking some of the drudgery away, but you will still need to stare down each report to see how you are doing.

Link Measurements

Links to and from your pages are critical to your search marketing efforts. The earlier you can detect problems with your links, the less impact they will have on your search marketing success.Chapter 10, broken links stop the spider cold, just as they stop your visitors. Most content reporter tools, such as Watchfire, can detect broken links, but specialized broken link detectors such as Xenu can handle this, too. Broken links break the chain of pages that lead to conversion, for both organic and paid search, and must be diagnosed and repaired.Chapter 12, "Optimize Your Content," you learned about how important links to your pages are for organic search marketing. Whenever you change URLs on your site, you run the risk of breaking those all-important inbound links.Chapter 10, you learned how to redirect your old URL names to your new ones. You learned that the search engines transfer the value of inbound links to your new name when you do that correctly. But no one knows for how long search engines do that. Just as the post office eventually stops forwarding snail mail to a new address, eventually search engines must tire of treating links to your old URL as if they were to your new one.Chapter 13. As an alternative, you can prioritize based on the referrals you get from each one, which your Web metrics facility can tell you. Whatever way you do it, you want each of those old links changed.back links. If you are actively working on link-building campaigns, you should see progress every month. You also want to note any pages for which links are decreasingthey might be candidates for link-building campaigns. But you can track more than the sheer number of links to your site. You can analyze the links to your search landing pages compared to those to direct competitors for that same keyword.

You can decide to measure the efficiency of your link-building campaigns, too. For solicited links, how many requests actually result in links to your site? How can you improve the percentage? You might look at better targeting, improving your e-mail copy, or improving your site to see whether you can attract more links in your link-building campaigns.

Links are important for conversions and for organic search rankings, so check your link measurements each month to ward off problems.

Page Inclusion Measurements

No matter how well crafted your content is, it is useless to a search engine if your pages are not included in the organic search indexes. As you learned in Chapter 10, your pages can be missing from search indexes at any time and for any number of reasons. When you first began your search marketing program, you undoubtedly found a host of problems on your site, and you set to work correcting them. Regularly measuring your progress on getting your pages indexed is what we discuss here.inclusion ratio metric that we introduced in Chapter 10, which shows the percentage of your Web site's pages that are included in search indexes. Two reasons stand out for why you should be checking your inclusion ratio at least weekly. The first is to track your progress at eliminating spider traps and enabling spider paths. A weekly check of your inclusion ratio can also reveal problems that have cropped up, however, before you have suffered long periods of harm to your search marketing program.

Springing the spider free from the traps that bedevil your Web site can sometimes take months. At times, you eliminate one spider trap just to find that there is another one in the same spot. By checking your inclusion ratio, you can track how correcting each trap (and opening each new path) allows the spider to include more and more pages in its index.Table 10-3 in Chapter 10 can jog your memory.)

In Chapter 10, we discussed how tough it is for some search marketers to estimate the number of pages on their sites. If this is an issue for your site, you can still easily monitor your inclusion ratio. All you need to do is choose a single, easy-to-calculate number that you can derive each weekthe total number of documents in your three content management systems, for example. Although this total probably does not accurately estimate the number of Web pages on your site, it will correctly reveal trends and problems if you calculate it the same way each time.

Here's how it works. Each week, as you add up the documents across your three content management systems, the number of documents will fluctuate, as content is added or deleted. If a new product line is announced, for example, you might find 209 new documents across your 3 content management systems, although just 193 new pages were published to your site. If your site is crawled weekly, you should expect to see a couple of hundred new pages reflected in the search indexes the following week. If they are not, it makes sense to inspect that new site for spider traps or missing spider paths. Note that it is not important whether the number of documents truly correlates to the number of pages on the site for this method to work. As long as you measure consistently, you will spot problems and trends from week to week.

Check Your Search Rankings

After verifying your content is search-friendly and that it is stored in the major search indexes, now you are ready to check your search rankings. Just because your pages ranked well when you did the initial campaign work does not mean that those high rankings will last forever. Regular measurement of search rankings is a key operational function.Chapter 11. To measure the success of each campaign, you need to check the search rankings for each keyword in that campaign at least once a month. (Most search marketers check their highest-priority terms weekly.)

	As with inclusion, you do not need to check your rankings in every search engine aroundjust the ones that drive the bulk of your traffic. Most search marketers check Yahoo! and Google, while some check others, too. (Global marketers might need to check many local search engines in the countries they do business in.)	100	39	100	26	26	58
/stores/Prd?prd=9&lang=1&cntry=840	43	17	43	13	13	26
/cameras/digital_camera_comparison129	100	100	100	100	100	100
/cameras/news/109	100	84	100	71	71	85

Search rankings are an important measurement because high rankings lead to more traffic to your site, in the form of search referrals. Next we measure those referrals directly.

Monitor Search Referrals

Search rankings are important, but high rankings are useless unless they lead to higher search referrals, a metric introduced in Chapter 7, "Measure Your Search Marketing Success." As you recall, search referrals are the visitors who come to your site from a search engine. We count overall search referralsthe number of visitors who come from search to any page within your search marketing program's scopebut we also slice and dice referrals to learn more. We examine the significance of referrals from each search engine, and you will learn to zoom in on your individual search campaigns to check referrals by keyword. And (say it with me now), we do it regularly. Checking referrals as a campaign first unfolds is exciting, but you need to continue to check them long after your enthusiasm has waned.

Overall Search Referral Measurements

The first way we track search referrals is across the scope of your entire search marketing program, from both organic and paid search.

Almost any Web metrics facility can report on search referrals, but you might need to customize your reports so that they fit your search marketing program. For example, Snap Electronics chose just its U.S. Web site as the scope for its search marketing program, so it wanted to look at just the search referrals to its U.S. site, ignoring those to the other country Web sites at snapelectronics.comthose referrals will become important when Snap increases the scope of its program. Snap customized the referral reporting by its Web metrics facility to examine its U.S. site only. Table 15-5 shows Snap's results for the first three months of its search marketing program.

As the table shows, search referrals increased markedly over the period, as the digital cameras campaign (and later others) made a dramatic difference. You will notice that search referrals did not increase each month, but that a decrease in referrals for the entire site hid the improvement. That is why we also calculate the search share, the percentage of search referrals compared to the total referrals. This measure reveals that search marketing was still improving even during a downturn in overall traffic to the site.

If your site has seasonal ups and downs, you probably already have ways of interpreting your statistics to compensate. Some organizations use rolling averages, others use "year-over-year" comparisons, whereas your company might do something else entirely. Whatever method you use to smooth out seasonality should work just as well for search referrals as it does for everything else.

Search Referral Measurements by Search Engine

Although most organic search marketing work is not directed at any particular search engine, sometimes your efforts work better in one engine than in another. Segmenting search referrals by search engine can show you how your success differs in each engine. Moreover, for paid placement, your efforts are highly targeted to specific paid search vendors working with specific engines, so analyzing each engine separately is required.

Examining referrals by search engine will help you track progress as your campaigns take shape, but it will also aid in identifying problem areas that might affect one search engine more than the others, or one search engine before the others. A sudden drop in traffic from a single search engine might by caused by a decrease in rankings or fewer pages included in the index.

As before, most Web metrics facilities can separate referrals by search engine, but they might need some tweaking on your part to accurately categorize certain referrals as being from the correct search engine. For example, Google contextual search referrals are usually shown as coming from googlesyndication.com no matter what site they were actually from. Know that sometimes you will get clicks with no referrer at alljust remember that counting most of the traffic is better than nothing. Table 15-6 shows how Snap Electronics measured search referrals by each of the five search engines targeted by its search marketing program.

Beyond your need to track referrals to make decisions about your campaigns, you also need to track paid referrals to audit your per-click fees. But don't expect your referral reports to match the bills from paid search vendors, for several reasons:

Counting methods vary.
It is amazing how many different methods exist for counting referrals. The chances that your counts will match your vendor's counts are minuscule.

Time zones might differ.
If your Web servers are in different time zones from the vendors' servers, you will see different counts each day because the hours will put some clicks into different days on your report compared to the vendors' ledger.

Vendors remove fraudulent clicks.
When a search engine suspects a click is fraudulent, it will be removed from your bill, but that click will still be counted by your metrics system as a referral.

Vendors eliminate repeat clicks.
Sometime visitors inadvertently click your ad multiple times, especially when network speeds or other factors slow performance, but vendors delete fees for those clicks from your report.

Given all of these discrepancies, you might wonder why you should bother auditing your bills at all, but it is important. You should expect your referral reports to show as much as 10 percent variance from vendor ledgers. However, you should look for trends. If counts have varied by 3 percent to 4 percent for months, but this week they are 7 percent off, you should investigate.

Search Referral Measurements by Keyword

High search rankings typically create high search referrals, but occasionally a top search result does not garner heavy clickthrough by searchers. You will detect those situations by carefully tracking your search referrals by keyword for every search marketing campaign. Each month, you can calculate your referrals for each keyword, both for organic and paid search. Table 15-7 shows a sample report from Snap Electronics for July.

As the months go by, you can examine the referral trends to see how your keyword referrals are trending. Snap Electronics used the simple form shown in Table 15-8 to track its monthly search referrals.

Tracking referrals is important, but you must keep your focus on the real prize: conversions.

Calculate Web Conversions from Search

None of the measurements we have discussed will make more of a splash than counting conversions. We have emphasized all along that search marketing is only useful insofar as it furthers your Web site's basic goalscoaxing more searchers to visit and more visitors to convert. You have chosen what events on your Web site constitute conversions. Regardless of what they are, the value of search engine marketing is to produce more visitor conversions. Now you need to count them, and count them regularly. Strong early results count for a lot less if they are allowed to atrophy from inattention.

Why would your conversions change over time? Because everything that causes conversions changes over time:

The competitive mix.
The other players jockeying for position for each keyword change over time. Perhaps a new company introduces a hot product, and its product page is crawled by the organic search engine. Or maybe an existing competitor cuts back its paid search budget and disappears from view. (In paid placement, especially, competitors can appear and vanish quite rapidly.) Whenever a player enters or exits the organic or paid competition for a keyword, it affects the rankings of every other player. Each time your ranking change, it affects your clickthrough rate (and can thereby raise or lower your conversions).

Paid placement bids.
Your bids and your competitors' bids can change multiple times each day, which changes your rankings, which (ankle bone connected to the shin bone) changes your conversions.

Ad and page copy.
Page copy directly affects rankings in organic search, and both page copy and paid placement ad copy affect conversion rates. Whenever you or your competitors change your ad or page copy, everyone's conversions can be affected. For example, if your competitor provides a more compelling offer, your click rate (and therefore your conversions) might go down. If you improve the wording on your landing page copy, your conversions might go up.

You might be wondering exactly what an acceptable conversion rate would be. You might be tempted to research averages for your industry, but that is the right answer for you only if you are an average business in your industryaverage in every way. You know that across your product line, you have wide swings in conversion rates that are all rolled up into one homogenous average across your business. Some products convert at 4 percent and others are under 1 percent, perhaps. So what does it tell you that your average conversion rate is 2 percent? Not much.

Similarly, getting an average conversion rate across your whole industry is even less helpful. The only way to assess your success is to compare your present against your past. You should see that you are improving over timenot across the board perhaps, but overall. You should see that the conversions for each product tend to go up over time.

Now that you are convinced that you need to track conversions, we have bad news. Your Web metrics facilities might or might not enable you to accurately track the behavior of visitors who began their visits through a search referral. You should consult your local metrics expert to see how your system works, because there might be ways to get your existing measurement system to track conversions for you. Here are the kinds of devices that are most frequently used to track search conversions:

URL tracking parameters.
Metrics systems can usually record parameters passed in your landing page URL identifying a visitor who is on a certain path through your sitea search referral path, in this case. The URL itself can be changed, such as adding refer=Yahoo&ad=67 to the end of your existing URL, to tell you which ad in Yahoo! generated the referral. The metrics system might be able to tell you how many visitors who complete your conversion event followed this path.

Programmed tracking parameters.
Some metrics systems can handle tracking parameters passed programmatically. One tracking method requires you to add JavaScript code to each page in your conversion patheach page passes the tracking codes along in a daisy chainbut if your visitor goes to an unmarked page, you lose the tracking for that sale. Alternatively, as discussed in Chapter 6, "Measure Your Web Site's Success," you can use a tiny picture (called a single-pixel image) to track your visitors. However, if the picture is displayed from your vendor's server, your security folks might not allow you to use it.

Affiliate codes.
If your company maintains an affiliate marketing program, it already has an elaborate system for tracking referrals so that the affiliates get paid the proper commission. You might be able to get affiliate codes assigned for each search engine (or even each keyword for each search engine) and let the affiliate tracking system do the rest.

Cookies.
You can use some JavaScript for a few strategically placed pages to measure your search conversions. Here's how it works. On each search landing page, call an external JavaScript that checks the referrer URL (the page the visitor was on before reaching the landing page). When that page is from a search engine, it means that your visitor clicked a search result to navigate to your landing page. Your script can drop a cookie containing the name of the search engine and the keyword used. You then call a similar script on your conversion page to read the cookie. Whatever system you use to log the conversion can also note that this visitor was referred from a search engine (and log the keyword used). Later, when you add up the conversions, you will be able to count search referrals that converted separately from all other conversions, and you will know the keywords used each time. Note that some paid search engines will happily offer to drop the cookie for you, but that can cause security problems that most IT groups will not allow.

Microsites.
If all else fails, you can set up a completely separate site just for your search referrals. It is a lot of work, but if it is the only way to track your search conversions, it might be worth it for you. It is very easy to set up a microsite for paid search, but some do it for organic search as well, especially when their main site is full of spider traps. Figure 15-1 shows the microsite for Garelick Farm's new brand of low-fat milk (www.overthemoonmilk.com), s by Dan Weingrod's Cronin and Company. Dan says, "It's often easier and cheaper to create a new domain than to correct all the infrastructure problems to get the metrics you need."

If you can use one of these methods to calculate your Web conversions of searchers, you can show how many referrals you are getting, the number of conversions (and the conversion rate), and the value in business terms of those conversions, just the way we did in Chapter 7. And you can track search conversions at any level of detail: a keyword, a group of keywords, an entire search marketing campaign, or even your overall search marketing program. (With paid placement, you can set up your categories or ad groups to simplify reporting.) So, if you can track that last month your site received 1,000 extra visitors from search for a particular campaign's keywords, and 2 percent (20) of them bought your $500 product, you generated $10,000 in extra revenue from that search marketing campaign. Chapter 7 to forecast our campaign's impact. Merely take the number of incremental visitors being referred from search for your campaign's keywords and multiply by your site's conversion rate. Using the example above, if we assume those same 1,000 extra visitors converted at a rate of 1 percent (the site-wide rate), we would estimate that 10 of them purchased the $500 product for $5,000 in incremental revenue from our campaign. It is not exact, but it is far better to estimate the value than to be silent about it.

If you can accurately tie Web conversions to the search referrals, you can track your conversions as granularly as your referrals. You can examine the revenue driven by each keyword in a campaign, as well as check conversion rates across your program for search referrals from individual search engines. This kind of analysis can help you gradually improve your campaigns, as you learn what works and what does not.

Review Your Measurements with Others

Well, we sure calculated a big pile of statistics in this chapter. Let's see what you can do with them.

As noted throughout, there are two main reasons to compile these statistics: to prove the value of search marketing and to identify problems that require action. When these metrics show your success, we suspect you will know what to do. Have a party, review the numbers with executives, and bring them up every time you want to do more. You will get the attention you need when things go wellcongratulations.

But most people do not know what else they can do with these measurementscompel changes in behavior. That is what we talk about here. You can follow a simple a step-by-step process to change organizational behavior:

Change the rules.
Earlier in this chapter, we went over the standards you need to change in your organization. Your first step in changing behavior is to set up the rules in your favor and develop a policing system to enforce compliance as much as possible.

Set benchmarks.
Develop a set of statistical thresholds for acceptability that are attainable within a defined period of time. For example, if you start out knowing that only 70 percent of your pages even have titles on them, set a benchmark that 85 percent contain titles within one year. (For a small Web site, that would be very easy, but for a large Web site, that goal might be just right.) State that all business areas with 85 percent of their pages with titles are "green," whereas those with over 75 percent are "yellow," but all others are "red." Do this for every important statistic.

Review business area scorecards.
Every month, you calculate your scorecards for each business areaa content scorecard, a rankings scorecard, a referrals scorecard, and a conversion scorecard. Use just the scorecards you need to compel the behavior you want. If your site is loaded with content problems, start there. If you cannot get product managers to focus on search, start with rankings or referrals, perhaps. Show your scorecards to the executives responsible for the state of the metrics on the scorecards. (Table 15-10 gives a complete list of metrics and whom they should be reviewed with.) And post all scorecards throughout your organization. Avoid the temptation to save yourself some work by only reviewing scorecards when they are badit will be much harder to get the appointment to do that. Instead, review the scorecards regularly, good or bad.

Demand action plans to deliver improvement.
This will not be as hard as it sounds if you post your scorecards within your company. It is the rare executive who will sit still watching his area show up "red" month after month while other areas are "green" or at least "yellow." If you arrive each month to display the latest scorecard with helpful suggestions as to how to turn it around, eventually most executives will tire of the embarrassment and order their folks to "go along with the program"your search marketing program, that is.

For some of these metrics, you need to see where you stand to decide what a good benchmark should be. If your site is riddled with "meta refresh" redirects on 15 percent of your pages, for example, you might choose a goal for 90 percent refresh-free pages earning a "yellow" score with 95 percent earning "green." On the other hand, if 95 percent of your pages are already clean, you might want to shoot for 97 percent and 99 percent.Chapter 9, we made a number of predictions to convince senior management and the bean counters that we would spend the money well. The metrics we have demonstrated should reveal whether your projections are coming true. Creating a simple matrix to share with key executives will keep them happy that they have invested wisely.