Information systems research (I/S) has in recent years shifted its attention to organizational issues (Benbasat et al. 1987). Organizational research in turn has historically been divided between micro-and macro-level perspectives. Unfortunately, many organizational issues are multi-level and thus incompletely captured by single-level theories. ICT impact is clearly multi-level, as the same ICT has discernable impacts on individuals, groups and organizations. For such topics, multi-level theories are preferable because they provide a ''deeper, richer portrait of organizational life—one that acknowledges the influence of the organizational context on individuals'actions and perceptions and the influence of individuals'actions and perceptions on the organizational context''(Klein et al. 1999, p. 243). However, multi-level research is diffcult, so theorizing at different levels is often disconnected, leading to misleading theoretical conclusions.Klein et al. (1994, p. 196) stress the primacy of theory in dealing with levels issues. However, multi-level work to date has been restricted to a few domains, such as climate or leadership (Klein et al. 1994, p. 197). The lack of focus on information issues suggests that there is an opportunity and a need for multi-level research and theorizing on ICT use.
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