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Nature of Allah
A religious and philosophical
outlook concerning The Nature of Allah, the purpose of creation and the
practical implications of our faith in Allah
Islam is based on monotheism. Tawhid, the oneness of
Allah, is an essential belief for all Muslims. Islam teaches that Allah, the
one god, has 99 attributes. Although we can understand some of His attributes,
His essence cannot be comprehended by a human's limited mental capacity. Allah
has created mankind primarily so that they may know their creator through his
creations. Realisation of the supremacy of Allah,
although necessary for success in the hereafter, has not been enforced on man -
it is a test that is based on the fact that man has been given free will.
However, man's free will is limited, although he has the freedom to choose
between right and wrong, he cannot change parts of his
destiny that Allah has pre-determined. Understanding the nature of Allah is
essential as it has a substantial effect on a Muslim's duties to Allah.
The oneness of Allah is the one most important theological principal in Islam.
The first of the five pillars, the declaration of faith, which is the first act
that one does to embark on Islam, reiterates the necessity of the belief in the
oneness of Allah. It begins with the negation of any god other than Allah:
"I bear witness that there is no god but Allah and that Mohammed is His
messenger."
Beginning with negation rather than affirmation, in this case, serves to emphasise strongly the importance of the oneness of Allah.
The Quran, the words of Allah mediated to Prophet
Muhammad by the angel Jibril (Gabriel), is full of
references to the essential belief in one god:
Say 'He is Allah the One' 112:1
Surely Allah alone is the creator of all things and he is the One, the Most
Supreme 13:17
Say 'I am only a Warner, and there is no god but Allah, the One, the Most
Supreme. 23:66
Holy is He! He is Allah the One, the Most Supreme 39:5
As well as proving the oneness of god through the Quran,
logic too can help prove this as I shall explain. If you ask
a believer in god, whether he believes in one god or ten, you will probably
find that somewhere in his definition of the term 'God' he rules out the
possibility of god being weak, inferior or compromising. From this, we
may say that something that is weak, inferior or compromising cannot be a God.
Yet the very fact that there is more than one god suggests two contradictory
possibilities; That the Gods are of equal power and therefore are compromising,
or that their power is uneven resulting in some Gods being inferior to others.
From this ontological argument one can conclude that there can only be one true
god.
Zoroastrianism- the mainly Greek belief that refers to the belief that there
are two gods- one evil and one good- on account of the reasoning that I have
mentioned can clearly be put aside. However one can also add that if there was
one good god and one evil god, or even any other form of polytheism, the world
would be in chaos and thus the order of the world would break down. Logically,
by the use of the common analogy that one can not have more than one captain in
a boat you can start to see the reasoning that I am trying to convey. With
power in the hands of more than one god there would clearly be argument.
However, one effective point that non-Muslims or curious ones such as myself
put across is that this theory is contradictory to Islamic teachings, because
we are associating god with the human attribute of not being able to share
power. The answer to this is clear. It is not an assumption by humans that
there would be chaos if there was more than one god, for if it was -putting in
mind that Islam teaches that humans with their finite perceptions cannot make
any assumptions about God- than it would be very wrong. However it is a fact
made known to us by Allah Himself in the Quran:
"If there had been in them (the heaven and the earth) other gods beside
Allah, then surely both would have gone to ruin." 21:23
Pantheism is another theory that Muslims believe to be wrong. Although Muslims
believe that Allah is everywhere, he is a separate entity and therefore cannot
be reincarnated in everything as the pantheists believe - who although are not
strictly defined as polytheists, they are certainly not monotheistic in the
Islamic sense.
Going against the oneness of Allah, Shirk, is a very major sin:
"Surely Allah will not forgive that any partner be associated with
him" Holy Quran 4:49
Regarding the attributes of Allah, Islam teaches that
Allah although He has many attributes, cannot be fully understood by man. Man
is restricted in thought into that which is manifest, Allah however is unique
and above human manifestation.
Allah, the god of all humanity, is perceived differently in other religions.
Since man would be limiting Allah by creating a physical image of Him Muslims
do not. Allah is as I said unique and superior to His creations. Thus the
biblical statement that was mentioned in Genesis Ch1 v27 that God has created
man in his own image is a view that is not shared by Muslims.
Other religions believe that God resembles creation- they believe in describing
causes by their effects. An example of this is that we can describe a corpse to
be horrifying (the effect) but we may also say that the person responsible for
this death, the murderer, (the cause) is also horrifying - cause resembles
effect. This theory can easily be put aside, for although it may be true for a
limited number of examples, the vast majority can prove it wrong, i.e. a shoe
does not resemble a shoe maker, etc.
Thus Islam does not try in anyway to personify Allah. Whilst it may be true
that two of His attributes are that He 'Sees' and 'Hears', this does not mean
that He has eyes and ears like you and I, His hearing or seeing cannot be comprehended
by us as finite beings.
Allah, the Almighty, is ideal. He is the 'Just' and the Judge, as well as the
'Avenger of Evil.' It follows that to test mankind one must judge fairly and
punish those who do evil. An example of Allah's justness is that we are only
accountable for our own actions, unlike the Christian concept of the original sin, for the Quran says that no
bearer can bear a burden of another.
Muslims do not agree with the Judaeo- Christian
concept of God having the necessity to rest as they say he did after creating
the world. All god needs to say is 'Be and it is.' Tiredness is a human
attribute as is making mistakes, this is not
applicable to god who is infallible. Allah is also pre-existent to all he has
created, he is the first, and as Aristotle put it in his cosmological theory
'the prime mover.'
Allah, the Creator has perfect knowledge. Muslims believe in the omniscience of
Allah, He knows all that is tangible and that is manifest, He knows the past
and the future. Muslims rebuke the Christian belief that god does not have
perfect knowledge, for example in the bible it says that God underestimated the
intelligence of His creations- He did not think that man could build the tower
of Babel (Genesis Ch11 v5-7, Exodus Ch32 v14). Muslims argue that having
created everything, He knows all that there is to know.
To be a Muslim it is essential to believe in the destiny, whether good or bad,
that Allah has set for us (known as Qadr in Arabic).
The Quran says:
"Say, Nothing shall befall us save that which Allah has ordained for
us"
This however does not mean that man does not have free will, for if he did not
Allah's justice would be compromised for you cannot judge a person if he does
not have the freedom of choosing what he does. Allah, the 'Just', has given man
both destiny and free will, the action of a human is interrelated with destiny
and both are mutually necessary, as Imam Ali son of Abi
Talib (AS) said:
"The predestined will of Allah and the action of a human are like the
spirit and the body, the spirit without the body has no physicality and the
body without the soul is a picture without movement. If the two are adjoined
they become like Al-Qadr and action, for if there was
no Qadr then you would not know the difference
between creation and creator, and if there was action without it being willed
and predestined by Allah than it would not happen."
Some things such as our deaths and disease are above human will, no matter what
a person does, if for instance God has set the hour at which you are to die
than it will be so:
"And no soul can die except by Allah's leave- a decree with a fixed
term" Holy Quran 3:146
"They say 'If we had any part in the government of affairs, we should not
have been killed here.' Say 'If you had remained in your homes, surely those on
whom fighting had been enjoyed would have gone forth to their deathbeds."
Holy Quran 3:155
Earnings are also an example of things that are pre-destined by Allah, a poor
man could work all his life but never become rich whilst others are rich
without effort. This generalised example serves to
bring us on to a specific comment; Even though things such as our income are
predestined by Allah we must strive to improve our conditions, for although
they are willed by Allah, if we will it Allah may change his will:
"Surely Allah changes not the condition of a people until they change
themselves" Holy Quran
Yet we came back to the age old question: Why did God create man? One always
wonders about this question, if God is perfect what use would man be to him? None. Allah did not create man for his own benefit, he
created man for the benefit of man: The hadith Qudsi says:
"O son of Adam, I did not create you for my own benefit, but that you
benefit from Me as your God, alone, for I am your saviour"
But how can we benefit from Allah? We can benefit from Allah by worshipping
him, for if we worship Allah we will be rewarded. This is a reason in its self:
"And I have not created the Jin and man but that they worship Me" Holy Quran 51:57
Now the next thing that one can ask is 'How can we worship Him?' To worship
Allah we have to accept that there is a God, this implies that God created man
so that they may know Him, but is this the primary reason? The grandson of the
Prophet, Imam Hussain bin Ali (AS), implies that it
is when he said:
"O people, Allah did not
create mankind but that they know Him, for if they know Him they will worship
Him, and if they worship Him they will benefit from his grace"
However, one may look at the purpose of creation from a different aspect and
thus end up with an altogether different answer as to what the primary reason
is. If you go back to the question of how can we
benefit from Allah, we may come up with a different reason, other than worship.
All of creation is already at benefit. Our existence is benefit. Being created
is an example of Allah's mercy towards us. Thus one can conclude that we were
created, fundamentally because Allah is merciful. However, although there are
many different perspectives to the answer as to why we were created, they are
all connected and in a way each of them is right.
In defining what is meant by a Muslim's duties, we may generalise
that a Muslim's duty is to worship Allah. To elaborate further, Muslims do not
see the term worship in the vague sense of praying and fasting, etc - worship
can be any aspect of a Muslim's daily life depending on the intention. For
example even a when a Muslim goes to get an education, provided that he intends
to use it for good, it is seen as worship and will be rewarded.
Each of Allah's divine attributes has practical implications in the life of a
firm Muslim. Clear, comprehension of the uniqueness of Allah's nature improves
a persons Taqwa, or belief in god. Having taqwa in our hearts throughout our daily life adds a
feeling of contentment peace with one's self and constant happiness, for when
they return to Allah He will say:
And thou, O soul at peace. Return to thy Lord well pleased with Him and He will
be pleased with thee Holy Quran 89:28-29
Realisation that Allah knows all,
hears all and sees all that we do is one of the most important aspects of
Allah's nature that a Muslim can benefit from. Knowing that 'there are not two
but that the third is Allah (hadith) increases what
we might call our 'self-policing'. For example, when one is alone such as when
a teenager is away from his strict parents, he may say that there is no one to
fear so why bother praying? The answer to this is given in the following hadith:
"Fear Allah as if you see Him, if you cannot see Him, know
that He sees you."
Allah sees everything that we do and so we should be faithful in our duties
even when we are alone.
For those who have a very high realisation of the
nature of Allah, they do not worship him for the fear of His hell, nor for the
want of His paradise but because Allah is worthy of all praise. Imam Ali (AS),
the cousin of the prophet says:
"O Allah, I did not worship You for the greed of
your paradise nor for the fear of hell, but because you are worthy of all
praise."
This is the ideal that all Muslims should aim for.
