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itself stand above the sphere of matter.
The combined force of these considerations, says Ibn Maskawaih,
conclusively establishes the truth of the proposition - that the soul is
essentially immaterial. The immateriality of the soul signifies its immortality;
since mortality is a characteristic of the material.
2.
AVICENNA (d. 1037)
Among the early Persian Philosophers, Avicenna alone attempted to construct his own system of thought. His work, called "Eastern Philosophy", is
still extant; and there has also come down to us. a fragment (1) in which the
Philosopher has expressed his views on the universal operation of the force of
love in nature. It is something like the contour of a system, and it is quite
probable that ideas expressed therein were afterwards fully worked out. Avicenna
defines "Love" as the appreciation of Beauty; and from the standpoint of this
definition he explains that there are three categories of being:
1. Things that are at the highest point of perfection. 2. Things that are at the lowest point of perfection. 3. Things that stand between the two poles of perfection. But the third
category has no real existence; since there are things that have already
attained the acme of perfection, and there are others
1.This fragment on love is
preserved in the collected works of Avicenna in the British Museum Library and
has been edited by N. A. F. Mehren. (Leiden, 1894).
