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43of perception without this quality. Muhammad Ibn `Uthman, one of the Mu`tazila Shafiis, says Ibn Hazm (1) maintained that the non-existent (atom in its pre-existential state) is a body in that state; only that in its pre-existential condition it is neither in motion, nor at rest, nor is it said to be created. Substance, then, is a collection of qualities - taste, odour. colour - which, in themselves, are nothing more than. material potentialities. The soul, too, is a finer kind of matter; and the processes of knowledge are meremental motions. Creation is only the actualisation of preexisting potentialities (2) (Tafra). The individuality of a thing which is defined as "that of which something can be predicated" (3) is not an essential factor in its notion. The collection of things we call the Universe, is externalised or perceptible reality which could, so, to speak, exist independent of all perceptibility. The object of these metaphysical subtleties is purely theological. God, to the Rationalist, is an absolute unity which can, in no sense, admit of plurality, and could thus exist without the perceptible plurality - the Universe. The activity of God, then, consists only in making, the atom perceptible. The properties of the atom flow from its own nature. A stone thrown up falls. down on account of its own indwelling property (4). God, says Al-`Attar of Basra and Bishr ibn al Mu'tamir, 1. Ibn Hazrn (ed. Cairo) - Vol. V, p. 42. 2.Shahrastani : Cureton's ed., p. 38. 3.Steiner : Die Mu`taziliten, p. 80. 4.Shahrastiani : Cureton's ed., p. 38.
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