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63different parts more or less visible according as they received more or less light. As bodies differ from one another in being dark, obscure, illuminated or illuminating, so men are differentiated from one another. 'There are some who illuminate other human beings; and, for this reason, the Prophet is named "The Burning Lamp" in the Qur'an. The physical eye sees only the external manifestation of the Absolute or Real Light. There is an internal eye in the heart of man which, unlike the physical eye, sees itself as other things, an eye which goes beyond the finite, and pierces the veil of manifestation. These thoughts are merely germs, which developed and fructified in Al-Ishraqi's " Philosophy of Illumination" - Hikmatal-Ishraq. Such is the Ash`arite Philosophy. One great theological result of this reaction was that, it checked the growth of freethought which tended to dissolve the solidarity of the Church, We .are, however, concerned more with the purely intellectual results of the Ash`arite mode of thought, and these are mainly two: (1) It led to an independent criticism of Greek Philosophy as we shall see presently. (2) In the beginning of the 10th Century, when the Ash`arite had almost completely demolished the stronghold of Rationalism, we see a tendency towards what may be called Persian Positivism.
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