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68things. We cannot conceive, "snow is white", because whiteness, being a part of this immediate judgment, must also be immediately known without any predication. Mulla Muhammad Hashim Husaini remarks (1) that this reasoning is erroneous. The mind in the act of predicating whiteness of snow is working on a purely ideal existence - the quality of whiteness - and not on an objectively real essence of which the qualities are mere facets or aspects. Husaini, moreover, anticipates Hamilton, and differs from other realists in holding that the so-called unknowable essence of the object is also immediately known. The object, he says, is immediately perceived as one (2). We do not successively perceive the various aspects of what happens to be the objects of our perception. 2) The idealist, says the realist, reduces all quality to mere subjective relations. His argument leads him to deny the underlying essence of things, and to look upon them as entirely heterogeneous collections of qualities, the essence of which consists merely in the phenomenal fact of their perception. In spite of his belief in the complete heterogeneity of things, he applies the word existence to all things - a tacit admission that there is some essence common to all the various forms of existence. Abu'l-Hasan al-Ash`ari replies that this application is only a verbal convenience, and is not meant to indicate the so-called internal homogeneity of things. But the universal application of the 1. Husaini's Commentary on Hikmat al-`Ain, fol, 13a 2. I bid. fol. 14b.
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