لطفا منتظر باشید ...
decomposed, and the units re-combine to construct a new universe. Wahid Mahmud
succeeded in founding a sect which was cruelly persecuted, and finally stamped
out of existence by Shah `Abbas. It is said that the poet Hafiz of Shiraz
believed in the tenets of this sect.
C. Reality
as Light or Thought
The third great school of Sufiism conceives Reality as essentially Light or Thought, the, very nature of which demands something to be thought or
illuminated. While the preceding school abandoned Neo-Platonism, this school
transformed it into new systems. There are, however, two aspects of the
metaphysics of this school. The one is genuinely Persian in spirit, the other is
chiefly influenced by Christian modes of thought. Both agree in holding that the
fact of empirical diversity necessitates a principle of difference in the nature
of the Ultimate Reality. I now proceed to consider them in their historical
order.
1. REALITY
AS LIGHT - AL-ISHRAQI
Return to Persian Dualism
The application of Greek dialectic to Islamic Theology aroused that spirit of critical examination which began with Al-Ash`ari, and found its
completest expression in the scepticism of Al-Ghazali. Even among the
Rationalists there were some more critical minds - such as Nazzam - whose
attitude towards
