The standard interface for working with MySQL databases is to connect to the MySQL server software (which you set up in "Installation") and type commands one at a time. To make this connection to the server, you'll need the MySQL client program. If you installed the MySQL server software yourself, either under Windows or under some brand of UNIX, you already have this program installed in the same location as the server program. Under Linux, for example, the program is called mysql and is located by default in the /usr/local/mysql/bin directory. Under Windows, the program is called mysql.exe and is located by default in the C:\mysql\bin directory.
If you didn't set up the MySQL server yourself (if, for example, you'll be working on your Web host's MySQL server), there are two ways to connect to the MySQL server. The first is to use Telnet or a Secure Shell (SSH) connection to log into your Web host's server, and then run mysql from there. The second is to download and install the MySQL client software from http://www.mysql.com/ (available free for Windows and Linux) on your own computer, and use it to connect to the MySQL server over the Internet. Both methods work well, and your Web host may support one, the other, or both — you'll need to ask.
| Warning |
Many Web hosts do not allow direct access to their MySQL servers over the Internet for security reasons. If your host has adopted this policy (you'll have to ask them if you're not sure), installing the MySQL client software on your own computer won't do you any good. Instead, you'll need to install a Web-based MySQL administration script onto your site. phpMyAdmin is the most popular one available; indeed, many Web hosts will configure your account with a copy of phpMyAdmin for you. While Web-based MySQL administration systems provide a convenient, graphical interface for working with your MySQL databases, it is still important to learn the basics of MySQL's command-line interface. The commands you use in this interface are the very same commands you'll have to include in your PHP code later in this book. I therefore recommend going back to "Installation" and installing MySQL on your own computer so you can complete the exercises in this chapter before getting comfortable with your Web-based administration interface.
|
Whichever method and operating system you use, you'll end up at a command line, ready to run the MySQL client program and connect to your MySQL server. Here's what you should type:
mysql -h hostname –u username -p
You need to replace hostname with the host name or IP address of the computer on which the MySQL server is running. If the client program is run on the same computer as the server, you can actually leave off the -h hostname part of the command instead of typing -h localhost or –h 127.0.0.1. username should be your MySQL user name. If you installed the MySQL server yourself, this will just be root. If you're using your Web host's MySQL server, this should be the MySQL user name they assigned you.
The -p argument tells the program to prompt you for your password, which it should do as soon as you enter the command above. If you set up the MySQL server yourself, this password is the root password you chose in "Installation". If you're using your Web host's MySQL server, this should be the MySQL password they gave you.
If you typed everything properly, the MySQL client program will introduce itself and then dump you on the MySQL command line:
mysql>
Now, the MySQL server can actually keep track of more than one database. This allows a Web host to set up a single MySQL server for use by several of its subscribers , for example. So your next step should be to choose a database with which to work. First, let's retrieve a list of databases on the current server. Type this command (don't forget the semicolon!), and press Enter.
mysql>SHOW DATABASES;
MySQL will show you a list of the databases on the server. If this is a brand new server (i.e. if you installed this server yourself in Chapter 1), the list should look like this:
+----------+ | Database | +----------+ | mysql | | test | +----------+ 2 rows in set (0.11 sec)
The MySQL server uses the first database, called mysql, to keep track of users, their passwords, and what they're allowed to do. We'll steer clear of this database for the time being, and come back to it in "MySQL Administration" when we discuss MySQL Administration. The second database, called test, is a sample database. You can actually get rid of this database. I won't be referring to it in this book, and we'll create our own example database momentarily. Deleting something in MySQL is called "dropping" it, and the command for doing so is appropriately named:
mysql>DROP DATABASE test;
If you type this command and press Enter, MySQL will obediently delete the database, saying "Query OK" in confirmation. Notice that you're not prompted with any kind of "are you sure?" message. You have to be very careful to type your commands correctly in MySQL because, as this example shows, you can obliterate your entire database—along with all the information it contains—with one single command!
Before we go any further, let's learn a couple of things about the MySQL command line. As you may have noticed, all commands in MySQL are terminated by a semicolon (;). If you forget the semicolon, MySQL will think you haven't finished typing your command, and will let you continue to type on another line:
mysql>SHOW ->DATABASES;
MySQL shows you that it's waiting for you to type more of your command by changing the prompt from mysql> to ->. For long commands, this can be handy, as it allows you to spread your commands out over several lines.
If you get halfway through a command and realize you made a mistake early on, you may want to cancel the current command entirely and start over from scratch. To do this, type \c and press Enter:
mysql>DROP DATABASE\c mysql>
MySQL will completely ignore the command you had begun to type, and will go back to the prompt to wait for another command.
Finally, if at any time you want to exit the MySQL client program, just type quit or exit (either one will work). This is the only command that doesn't need a semicolon, but you can use one if you want to.
mysql>quit Bye