Although the subject of the general coupling of creatures was first stated by Quran,the holy book of lslam,more than 14 centuries ago,it had still remained an enigma to man untill the time of the discovery of the constituents of atoms,the smallest building material of the world.
Scientists and researchers were trying to find the building units of materials from ancient times.It was believed that all materials in nature are made up of some tiny invisible parts which seemed to be unanalysable.The idea of unanalysability of thes contituents was more derived from conjecture than proof.This conjecture had comprehensively been interpreted more by such Greek philosophers as lukippos and his student Democritus.He later used the word atom,derived from the Greek word atomos, meaning uncut,for the objects which seemed unanalysable.
After along time the concept of atom was again used by chemists in an attempt to understand the rules of chemical reactions. The developments in lead to Thomson's discovery of electrons inside atoms in 7971 this was the first discovery of elementary particles.Several years later,after carrying on a number of experiments and the discovery of Alpha , Beta and Gamma rays , it was determined that an atom has a nucleus which takes up only a small portion of its volume. At last Ernest rutherford ) 7391 - 1781 ), an English physicist,presented a new model for atoms : negatively charged electrons revolve around a positively charged nucleus. Perhaps there had remained no doubts about the fact that atoms themselves,as the building block of the structure of matters are made up of two main constituents.It should be mentioned that the size of the charge of protons ) inside the nucleus ( is exactly equal to the negative charge of electrons,but with the opposite charge. In any case,at present,this fact is among the well accepted scientific principles ( axioms ( of physics.Now considering the aforesaid issues and also considering the condition in which Quran was descended to man with regard to the issue of coupling ( two entities of male and female ( it seems that there is no clearer interpretation than that of Islams.The repulsion between the two like poles,and the attraction between the two unlike poles can best be indicated through sexual attraction between two opposite sexes. In this connection there is a Hedith from Imam Ali P.B.U.H.which is stated in the interpretation of Borhan : He ) lord ( has created friendship among the agressive unlike forces of the world and separation among concording ) like ( forces.
Couple is sometimes used in the meaning of double as opposed to one and single. Each of the tow is sometimes called Zoj ( a couple (,and the two together are called Zojein ) two couples (.For example the man and the woman are each a Zoj and together they are Zojein.
Zoj is sometimes used in the meaning of kind and class,and that is why some interpreters ( of Quran ( have considered the word Zoj,as used here,in the meaning of kind and class, that is,plant life has a variety of closses and that the Lord has created every kind of them on the Earth.Aside from the deduction based on the interpretation of the verse in question,what is important is that Zoj, whether used in the meaning of male or female,or in the meaning of class and kind has well been scientifically proven ) an axiom (,the fact which can be debated and investigated.
Regarding the classification of plants, perhaps the first scientific and established work has been carried out by Karl Von Linne ( 1707 - 1778 (,a Sweedish natural scientist. He was born in 1707 in the city of Roshult and had a keen interest in plants.He became especially interested in the mysteries of plants and was persuaded to pay a closer attention to the subject after he received the written matterials of the French botanist Siasse Tine Vaillan.In this connection,after many years of studying,he classified plants according to the morphology of their sex organs and published his work in 1731.His work had so much enraged church authorities that in Europe his books were known os straying for several years.His famous book on the classification of plants, Species Plantarum,was published in 3571. Now according to Whittaker's classification ( 1969 ( all living creatures are arranged in five different classes of The Monera, The Protista,The Animals,The Fungi and The Plants.
The class of the plants is itself divided into the following five subclasses : Angiospermophyta,Cycadophyta,Sphenophyta, Coniferophyta,Gentophyta,Ginkgophyta. Filicinophyta and Lycopodophyta. As for the coupling of the plants,athough ordinary people were also familiar with plants such as palm being male or female, in botany it has now been well proven that plants have sex organs of a male and a female.In most plants the sex organs are located in one single plant.These plants are called Monoclinous.In some other kinds of plants,called Diclinous such organs are located in two different plants. Generally plants sex organs are located inside their flowers and are protected by it.Typically stamen is known to be the male sex organ and pistil the female one.