Index

O

object interactions, 160–162, 170

context-dependence, 162, 170

coupled, 162, 170

specificity, 166

objective information, 208, 211

Oddworld: Abe’s Exoddus, 378

Once Upon a Time, 540

open culture

basic concepts, 538

and current events, 581

exercise, 17

game systems, 546–550

and magic circle, 552

player-as-producer, 539–544, 550–551

source software, 544–546

Ultima Online example, 538–539

open-ended games, 83, 538–546, 552

Open Source Game Systems (exercise), 17

open source software, 544–546

operant conditioning, 344–350, 361

operational rules, 130

in Chutes and Ladders, 130

and constituative rules, 132–133,

135–136, 139

in digital games, 147, 149

and implicit rules, 133–134, 139

Othello, 223

outcome(s)

and action, 354

combined (probability), 177–179

and cutscenes, 410–411

of decisions, 174–175, 189

discernability, 354

favorable, 186

and game definition, 80

and game theory, 237–238, 245

goals, 258

in puzzles, 80–81

quantification, 80, 238, 259

in role-playing games, 81–82, 83

and rules, 103

in zero-sum games, 240