nasm program, 84
Nathan, Jeff, 151
nemesis packet-injection tool, 151, 157, 231
network layer, 140, 141, 142, 143, 145
networking, 139-72
denial of service (DoS), 160-62
layers, 142-46
network sniffing, 146-56. See also active sniffing
OSI Model, 140-42
overview, 139-40
port scanning, 162-72
FIN, X-mas, and Null Scans, 163
idle scanning, 163-65
proactive defense (Shroud), 165-72
spoofing decoys, 163
stealth SYN scan, 163
TCP/IP hijacking, 156-60
Newsham, Tim, 214-15
next_val variable, 67-69
NFS (number field sieve), 184
nm command, 75-76
No Electronic Theft Act, 14
no operation (NOP), 25
nonorthogonal quantum states, 175
NOP (no operation), 25
NOP sled
appending shellcode to, 29
bridging gap between shellcode and executing loader code, 107
creating, 29-30
overview, 25
size of, 40-41
using printable characters for, 102
null bytes
removing, 94-98
terminating, 18
Null scans, 163
nulls, writing with return into libc, 134-36
number field sieve (NFS), 184