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Table of Contents
Critical Thinking: Tools for Taking Charge of Your Professional and Personal Life
By
Richard W. Paul, Linda Elder
Publisher
: Financial Times Prentice Hall
Pub Date
: June 13, 2002
ISBN
: 0-13-064760-8
Pages
: 384
Copyright
FINANCIAL TIMES Prentice Hall
Financial Times Prentice Hall Books
Acknowledgment
Preface
Chapter 1.
Thinking in a World of Accelerating Change and Intensifying Danger
The Nature of the Post-Industrial World Order
A Complex World of Accelerating Change
A Threatening World
Change, Danger, and Complexity: Interwoven
The Challenge of Becoming Critical Thinkers
Recommended Reading
Chapter 2.
Becoming a Critic of Your Thinking
How Skilled is Your Thinking (Right Now)?
Good Thinking Is as Easy as Bad Thinking (But It Requires Hard Work to Develop It)
The Hard Cruel World
Become a Critic of Your Own Thinking
Conclusion
Chapter 3.
Becoming a Fair-Minded Thinker
Weak versus Strong Critical Thinking
What Does Fair-Mindedness Require?
Intellectual Humility: Having Knowledge of Ignorance
Intellectual Courage: Being Willing to Challenge Beliefs
Intellectual Empathy: Entertaining Opposing Views
Intellectual Integrity: Holding Ourselves to the Same Standards to Which We Hold Others
Intellectual Perseverance: Working Through Complexity and Frustration
Confidence in Reason: Recognizing that Good Reasoning Has Proven Its Worth
Intellectual Autonomy: Being an Independent Thinker
Recognizing the Interdependence of Intellectual Virtues
Conclusion
Chapter 4.
Self-Understanding
Monitoring the Egocentrism in Your Thought and Life
Making a Commitment to Fair-Mindedness
Recognizing the Mind''s Three Distinctive Functions
Understanding That You Have a Special Relationship to Your Mind
Chapter 5.
The First Four Stages of Development: What Level Thinker Are You?
Stage One: The Unreflective ThinkerAre You an Unreflective Thinker?
Stage Two: The Challenged ThinkerAre You Ready to Accept the Challenge?
Stage Three: The Beginning ThinkerAre You Willing to Begin?
Stage Four: The Practicing ThinkerGood Thinking Can Be Practiced Like Basketball, Tennis, or Ballet
A "Game Plan" for Improvement
A Game Plan for Devising a Game Plan
Chapter 6.
The Parts of Thinking
Reasoning Is Everywhere in Human Life
Does Reasoning Have Parts?
Beginning to Think About Your Own Reasoning
The Elements of Thought: A First Look
An Everyday Example: Jack and Jill
Analysis of the Example
The Elements of Thought in Relationship
The Relationship Between the Elements
Thinking to Some Purpose
Thinking with Concepts
Thinking with Information
Distinguishing Between Inert Information, Activated Ignorance, and Activated Knowledge
Some Key Questions to Ask When Pursuing Information
Distinguishing Between Inferences and Assumptions
Understanding Implications
Thinking Within and Across Points of View
Using Critical Thinking to Take Charge of How We See Things
The Point of View of the Critical Thinker
Conclusion
Chapter 7.
The Standards for Thinking
Taking a Deeper Look at Universal Intellectual Standards
Bringing Together the Elements of Reasoning and the Intellectual Standards
Using Intellectual Standards to Assess Your Thinking: Brief Guidelines
Chapter 8.
Design Your Life
Fate or Freedom: Which Do You Choose?
Recognizing the Dual Logic of Experience
Facing Contradictions and Inconsistencies
Social Forces, the Mass Media, and Our Experience
Reading Backwards
Implications for the Design of Your Life
Chapter 9.
The Art of Making Intelligent Decisions
Thinking Globally About Your Life
Evaluating Patterns in Decision-Making
"Big" Decisions
The Logic of Decision-Making
Recognizing the Need for an Important Decision
Accurately Recognizing the Alternatives
Putting More Time into Your Decision-Making
Being Systematic
Dealing with One Major Decision at a Time
Developing Knowledge of Your Ignorance
Dimensions of Decision-Making
Regularly Re-Articulate and Reevaluate Your Goals, Purposes, and Needs
The Early Decisions
Adolescent Decisions
Early Adult Decisions
Conclusion
Chapter 10.
Taking Charge of Your Irrational Tendencies
Egocentric Thinking
Understanding Egocentric Thinking
Understanding Egocentrism as a Mind Within the Mind
"Successful" Egocentrism
"Unsuccessful" Egocentrism
Rational Thinking
Two Egocentric Functions
Dominating Egocentrism
Submissive Egocentrism
Pathological Tendencies of the Human Mind
Challenging the Pathological Tendencies of the Mind
The Challenge of Rationality
Chapter 11.
Monitoring Your Sociocentric Tendencies
The Nature of Sociocentrism
Sociocentric Thinking as Pathology
Social Stratification
Sociocentric Thinking Is Unconscious and Potentially Dangerous
Sociocentric Use of Language in Groups
Disclosing Sociocentric Thinking Through Conceptual Analysis
Revealing Ideology at Work Through Conceptual Analysis
The Mass Media Foster Sociocentric Thinking
The Mass Media Play Down Information That Puts the Nation in a Negative Light
Freedom from Sociocentric Thought: The Beginnings of Genuine Conscience
The Capacity to Recognize Unethical Acts
Conclusion
Chapter 12.
Developing as an Ethical Reasoner
Why People are Confused About Ethics
The Fundamentals of Ethical Reasoning
Ethical Concepts and Principles
The Universal Nature of Ethical Principles
Distinguishing Ethics from Other Domains of Thinking
Ethics and Religion
Religious Beliefs Are Socially or Culturally Relative
Ethics and Social Conventions
Practices That Are Socially or Culturally Relative
Ethics and the Law
Ethics and Sexual Taboos
Understanding Our Native Selfishness
Chapter 13.
Analyzing and Evaluating Thinking in Corporate and Organizational Life
Introduction
Critical Thinking and Incremental Improvement
An Obstacle to Critical Thinking Within Organizations: The Covert Struggle for Power
Another Obstacle: Group Definitions of Reality
A Third Obstacle: The Problem of Bureaucracy
The Problem of Misleading Success
Competition, Sound Thinking, and Success
Stagnating Organizations and Industries
Questioning Organizational Realities
Assessing Irrational Thinking in Organizational Life
The Power of Sound Thinking
Some Personal Implications
Conclusion
Chapter 14.
The Power and Limits of Professional Knowledge (And of the Disciplines that Underlie Them)
Professional Fallibility and the Glut of Information
The Ideal of Professional Knowledge
Who Should We Believe?
True and False Loyalty to a Profession
The Gap Between Fact and Ideal
Assessing A Profession or a Professional Conclusion: Matters of Fact, Matters of Opinion, Matters of Judgment
The Ideal Compared to the Real
Professions Based on the Ideal of Mathematics and Abstract Quantification
The Pain and Suffering of Those Who Fail
Loss of Self-Esteem and Opportunity to Receive Higher Education
Low Level of Math Competency of Those Who Pass School Examinations
The Ideal of Science: Physics, Chemistry, Astronomy, Geology, and Biology
The Ideal of Social Science: History, Sociology, Anthropology, Economics, and Psychology
History as an Ideal
Sociology as an Ideal
Anthropology as an Ideal
Economics as an Ideal
The Social Sciences as Taught and Practiced
The Ideal of the Arts and Humanities: Music, Painting, Sculpture, Architecture, Dance, Literature, and Philosophy
The Promise of the Fine Arts and Literature
The Reality of Instruction in the Fine Arts and Literature
The Promise of Philosophy
The Reality of Philosophy
Conclusion
Chapter 15.
Strategic Thinking Part One
Understanding and Using Strategic Thinking
Components of Strategic Thinking
The Beginnings of Strategic Thinking
Key Idea #1: Thoughts, Feelings, and Desires are Interdependent
Key Idea #2: There is a Logic to This, and You Can Figure It Out
Key Idea #3: For Thinking to Be of High Quality, We Must Routinely Assess it
Chapter 16.
Strategic Thinking Part Two
Key Idea #4: Our Native Egocentrism Is a Default Mechanism
Key Idea #5: We Must Become Sensitive to the Egocentrism of Those Around Us
Key Idea #6: The Mind Tends to Generalize Beyond the Original Experience
Key Idea #7: Egocentric Thinking Appears to the Mind as Rational
Key Idea #8: The Egocentric Mind Is Automatic in Nature
Key Idea #9: We Often Pursue Power Through Dominating or Submissive Behavior
Key Idea #10: Humans Are Naturally Sociocentric Animals
Key Idea #11: Developing Rationality Requires Work
Conclusion
Glossary: Guide to Critical Thinking Terms and Concepts
References
