Mountain-For house-making

Most probably the primitive man who lived
almost everywhere on the Earth was not
practically engaged in producing food.More
likely he was busy gathering wild fruits and
edible plant roots or hunting wild animals
during the whole day,and when night came
tried to seek shelter from wild animals
and cold weather in such natural shelters
as inside a tree , behind a rock or most
suitability in a hole in the heart of
a mountain.Apparently,taking shelter in such
dwellings , especially caues , by some wild
animals must have been a useful guide for
the primitive man.

Paintings,engravings and other ancient
legacies some which are related to the
paleolithic period and are 2 million years
old show that man used caues as dwellings.
However,it seems that the primitive man
never used these natural shelters as a kind
of a home we use and know today,moreover,
perhaps the right of ownership was never
known to him.In any case archeological
excavations in more than 200 important caves
are indications of important events happened
in the course of man's life . For example,
the remnants discovered in caves in China
indicate that man used fire more than
400000 years ago.Also,in the caves with dry
conditions remainings of charcoal and almonds
an hazel nuts shells and also in some cases
intact bones have been found.

Dwelling in caves by the intelligent man
started from the time when man took part
in digging and manipulating the structure
of caves,this approximately coincided with
the time when man started to domesticate
animals for his benefits. He made use of
plants and , more important , designated
a certain area for his living.This probably
goes back to 30000 years ago.It took man
a long time before he could build stone walls
in caves.About 10000 years ago man began to
build these walls and design separate houses
inside caves.

It is a strong possibility that man used
animal skins,wood and turf to make such
as the houses built in water on few wooden
columns known as " pilot ".These construction
materials have easily and completely been
destroyed.Perhaps the use of such primitive
materials ultimately lead to a basic
development in human architecture;and from
then on,man's extraordinary inscriptions and
architecture which were created by using
simple tools and equipments began to thrive.
It seems that the most primitive legacy of
this development pertains to some structures
known as " Dolmen ".Dolmens were residential
houses made of enormous stone slabs errected
vertically with huge stone slabs on them as
roofs.These houses were mostly used as burial
places . Egyptians were also among the first
people who initially started to build halls
and stone columns . The famous Egyptian
pyramids , some of which date back to 0072
years ago,are among some of the wonders of
man's architecture.The first pyramids were
mostly built in the form of steps.The most
outstanding groups of pyramids are called
" Giza " the biggest one is 147 meters high.
Karnak , a tempel hall , with 134 columns
of 21 meters height is another Egyptian
architectural structures . These pyramids
were generally built for Pharoahs' ghosts.
Sumerians ) 400 - 1925 B.C. ( began to make
such construction materials as brick and clay
bricks.They used these materials because they
lived near the rivers of " Euphrates " and
" Tigris " where enough wood and stone were
not easily at their disposal . Since it was
almost impossible for them to use stone slabs
for their roofs,they invented dome roofs with
bricks or clay bricks. Other architectural
structures of the Sumerians are the
multi-story towers known as " Ziggurat "
Persians were also among the first people
to use huge stones in their constructions.
Using stone columns with volutes at both ends
is an indication of significant progress in
their architecture.With the coming of Kurosh
to power ) 550 B.C. ( " Passargad " the most
outstanding stone structure in that era was
errected.Professor " Olmstead " believes that
" Passargad " is a picture of the complete
civilization and national culture of ancient
Persia." Bisotoon " , and " Perspolis " ,
significant legacies of achaemenian ) an
Iranian important emprorship(rank the second.
The sassanids,the Parthians,the Greeks... and
other nations and cultures also played a big
role in using stone and designing stone
structures depending on the climate of the
environment in which they lived,contact with
other people,religious beliefs and so on.
Using stone for building strong structures,
building facade,pillars,and tens of fields
related to building industry and architecture
are still in use.