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Linux Kernel Development (Second Edition) [Electronic resources] - نسخه متنی

Robert Love

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Chapter 12. The Virtual Filesystem Common Filesystem Interface Filesystem Abstraction Layer Unix Filesystems VFS Objects and Their Data Structures The Superblock Object The Inode Object The Dentry Object The File Object Data Structures Associated with Filesystems Data Structures Associated with a Process Filesystems in Linux Chapter 13. The Block I/O Layer Anatomy of a Block Device Buffers and Buffer Heads The bio structure Request Queues I/O Schedulers Summary Chapter 14. The Process Address Space The Memory Descriptor Memory Areas Manipulating Memory Areas mmap() and do_mmap(): Creating an Address Interval munmap() and do_munmap(): Removing an Address Interval Page Tables Conclusion Chapter 15. The Page Cache and Page Writeback Page Cache Radix Tree The Buffer Cache The pdflush Daemon To Make a Long Story Short Chapter 16. Modules Hello, World! Building Modules Installing Modules Generating Module Dependencies Loading Modules Managing Configuration Options Module Parameters Module Parameters Exported Symbols Wrapping Up Modules Chapter 17. kobjects and sysfs kobjects ktypes ksets Subsystems Structure Confusion Managing and Manipulating kobjects Reference Counts sysfs The Kernel Events Layer kobjects and sysfs in a Nutshell Chapter 18. Debugging What You Need to Start Bugs in the Kernel printk() Oops Kernel Debugging Options Asserting Bugs and Dumping Information Magic SysRq Key The Saga of a Kernel Debugger Poking and Probing the System Binary Searching to Find the Culprit Change When All Else Fails: The Community Chapter 19. Portability History of Portability in Linux Word Size and Data Types Data Alignment Byte Order Time Page Size Processor Ordering SMP, Kernel Preemption, and High Memory Endnotes Chapter 20. Patches, Hacking, and the Community The Community Linux Coding Style Chain of Command Submitting Bug Reports Generating Patches Submitting Patches Conclusion Appendix A. Linked Lists Circular Linked Lists The Linux Kernels Implementation Manipulating Linked Lists Traversing Linked Lists Appendix B. Kernel Random Number Generator Design and Implementation Interfaces to Input Entropy Interfaces to Output Entropy Appendix C. Algorithmic Complexity Algorithms Big-O Notation Big Theta Notation Putting It All Together Perils of Time Complexity Bibliography and Reading List Books on Operating System Design Books on Unix Kernels Books on Linux Kernels Books on Other Kernels Books on the Unix API Books on the C Programming Language Other Works Websites

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Page Size

When working with pages of memory, never assume the page size. It is a common mistake for x86 programmers to assume that the page size is 4KB. Although this is true on x86 machines, other architectures have different sizes. Some architectures support multiple page sizes, in fact! Table 19.4 lists each support architecture's valid page size(s).

Table 19.4. Architecture Page Size(s)
Architecture	PAGE_SHIFT	PAGE_SIZE
alpha	13	8KB
arm	12, 14, 15	4KB, 16KB, 32KB
cris	13	8KB
h8300	12	4KB
i386	12	4KB
ia64	12, 13, 14, 16	4KB, 8KB, 16KB, 64KB
m32r	12	4KB
m68k	12, 13	4KB, 8KB
m68knommu	12	4KB
mips	12	4KB
mips64	12	4KB
parisc	12	4KB
ppc	12	4KB
ppc64	12	4KB
s390	12	4KB
sh	12	4KB
sparc	12, 13	4KB, 8KB
sparc64	13	8KB
v850	12	4KB
x86_64	12	4KB

When working with pages of memory, use PAGE_SIZE as the size of a page, in bytes. The value PAGE_SHIFT is the number of bits to left-shift an address to get its page number. For example, on x86 with 4KB pages, PAGE_SIZE is 4096 and PAGE_SHIFT is 12. These vales are defined in <asm/page.h>.