Table A.10. Commands for Working with Processes
| COMMAND | GENERAL USAGE | DESCRIPTION |
|---|
| at | at TIME COMMAND | Executes a one-time command at the specified time. |
| bg | bg %JOB | Sends the specified job number to the background. Note: Pressing Ctrl+Z will suspend the current foreground process. After the process has been suspended, it can be moved to the background using bg. To start a process in the back- ground, append an ampersand (&) to the end of the command. For example:
updatedb & |
| crontab | crontab [OPTIONS] USERNAME | Used to adjust or view a user's crontab. User crontabs contain commands scheduled for execution on a regular basis. Common options include -e
Edit user's crontab -l
List user's crontab |
| fg | fg %JOB | Brings the specified job number to the foreground. |
| jobs | jobs | Displays job numbers for all back- ground processes. |
| kill | kill [SIGNAL] PID | Sends a kill signal to the specified process. Common kill signals are |
| | | SIGHUP (1) | Hang-up |
| | | SIGINT (2) | Interrupt |
| | | SIGTERM (15) | Terminate (default) |
| | | SIGKILL (9) | Absolute kill |
| killall | killall [SIGNAL] PROCESS | Sends the specified kill signal to all processes using the designated process name. |
| nice | nice VALUE COMMAND | Executes the specified command using a manually designated nice value. Possible nice values range from -20 to +19. The lower the value, the higher the process priority. |
| nohup | nohup COMMAND | Executes the specified command in a no-hangup mode. This allows the process to continue execution after the initiating shell has been exited. |
| ps | ps [OPTIONS] | Displays information regarding running processes. Information displayed includes such things as the Process ID (PID), Parent Process ID (PPID), command line, and owner. Common options include -A
All processes -f
Full option listing |
| pstree | pstree | Displays running processes in a hierarchical formatincluding parent and child relationships. |
| renice | renice VALUE PID | Adjusts the nice value of a currently running process. |
| top | top | Displays statistical information regarding processes (memory allocation, priority, CPU utilization). |
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