Unix™ Systems Programming [Electronic resources] : Communication, Concurrency, and Threads نسخه متنی

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Unix™ Systems Programming [Electronic resources] : Communication, Concurrency, and Threads - نسخه متنی

Prentice Hall

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    Main Page

    Table of content

    Copyright

    About the Web Site

    Preface

    Acknowledgments

    Part I: Fundamentals

    Chapter 1. Technology's Impact on Programs

    1.1 Terminology of Change

    1.2 Time and Speed

    1.3 Multiprogramming and Time Sharing

    1.4 Concurrency at the Applications Level

    1.5 Security and Fault Tolerance

    1.6 Buffer Overflows for Breaking and Entering

    1.7 UNIX Standards

    1.8 Additional Reading

    Chapter 2. Programs, Processes and Threads

    2.1 How a Program Becomes a Process

    2.2 Threads and Thread of Execution

    2.3 Layout of a Program Image

    2.4 Library Function Calls

    2.5 Function Return Values and Errors

    2.6 Argument Arrays

    2.7 Thread-Safe Functions

    2.8 Use of Static Variables

    2.9 Structure of Static Objects

    2.10 Process Environment

    2.11 Process Termination

    2.12 Exercise: An 'env' Utility

    2.13 Exercise: Message Logging

    2.14 Additional Reading

    Chapter 3. Processes in UNIX

    3.1 Process Identification

    3.2 Process State

    3.3 UNIX Process Creation and 'fork'

    3.4 The 'wait' Function

    3.5 The 'exec' Function

    3.6 Background Processes and Daemons

    3.7 Critical Sections

    3.8 Exercise: Process Chains

    3.9 Exercise: Process Fans

    3.10 Additional Reading

    Chapter 4. UNIX I/O

    4.1 Device Terminology

    4.2 Reading and Writing

    4.3 Opening and Closing Files

    4.4 The 'select' Function

    4.5 The 'poll' Function

    4.6 File Representation

    4.7 Filters and Redirection

    4.8 File Control

    4.9 Exercise: Atomic Logging

    4.10 Exercise: A 'cat' Utility

    4.11 Additional Reading

    Chapter 5. Files and Directories

    5.1 UNIX File System Navigation

    5.2 Directory Access

    5.3 UNIX File System Implementation

    5.4 Hard Links and Symbolic Links

    5.5 Exercise: The 'which' Command

    5.6 Exercise: Biffing

    5.7 Exercise: News 'biff'

    5.8 Exercise: Traversing Directories

    5.9 Additional Reading

    Chapter 6. UNIX Special Files

    6.1 Pipes

    6.2 Pipelines

    6.3 FIFOs

    6.4 Pipes and the Client-Server Model

    6.5 Terminal Control

    6.6 Audio Device

    6.7 Exercise: Audio

    6.8 Exercise: Barriers

    6.9 Exercise: The 'stty' Command

    6.10 Exercise: Client-Server Revisited

    6.11 Additional Reading

    Chapter 7. Project: The Token Ring

    7.1 Ring Topology

    7.2 Ring Formation

    7.3 Ring Exploration

    7.4 Simple Communication

    7.5 Mutual Exclusion with Tokens

    7.6 Mutual Exclusion by Voting

    7.7 Leader Election on an Anonymous Ring

    7.8 Token Ring for Communication

    7.9 Pipelined Preprocessor

    7.10 Parallel Ring Algorithms

    7.11 Flexible Ring

    7.12 Additional Reading

    Part II: Asynchronous Events

    Chapter 8. Signals

    8.1 Basic Signal Concepts

    8.2 Generating Signals

    8.3 Manipulating Signal Masks and Signal Sets

    8.4 Catching and Ignoring Signals'sigaction'

    8.5 Waiting for Signals'pause', 'sigsuspend' and 'sigwait'

    8.6 Handling Signals: Errors and Async-signal Safety

    8.7 Program Control with 'siglongjmp' and 'sigsetjmp'

    8.8 Programming with Asynchronous I/O

    8.9 Exercise: Dumping Statistics

    8.10 Exercise: Spooling a Slow Device

    8.11 Additional Reading

    Chapter 9. Times and Timers

    9.1 POSIX Times

    9.2 Sleep Functions

    9.3 POSIX:XSI Interval Timers

    9.4 Realtime Signals

    9.5 POSIX:TMR Interval Timers

    9.6 Timer Drift, Overruns and Absolute Time

    9.7 Additional Reading

    Chapter 10. Project: Virtual Timers

    10.1 Project Overview

    10.2 Simple Timers

    10.3 Setting One of Five Single Timers

    10.4 Using Multiple Timers

    10.5 A Robust Implementation of Multiple Timers

    10.6 POSIX:TMR Timer Implementation

    10.7 'mycron', a Small Cron Facility

    10.8 Additional Reading

    Chapter 11. Project: Cracking Shells

    11.1 Building a Simple Shell

    11.2 Redirection

    11.3 Pipelines

    11.4 Signal Handling in the Foreground

    11.5 Process Groups, Sessions and Controlling Terminals

    11.6 Background Processes in 'ush'

    11.7 Job Control

    11.8 Job Control for 'ush'

    11.9 Additional Reading

    Part III: Concurrency

    Chapter 12. POSIX Threads

    12.1 A Motivating Problem: Monitoring File Descriptors

    12.2 Use of Threads to Monitor Multiple File Descriptors

    12.3 Thread Management

    12.4 Thread Safety

    12.5 User Threads versus Kernel Threads

    12.6 Thread Attributes

    12.7 Exercise: Parallel File Copy

    12.8 Additional Reading

    Chapter 13. Thread Synchronization

    13.1 POSIX Synchronization Functions

    13.2 Mutex Locks

    13.3 At-Most-Once and At-Least-Once-Execution

    13.4 Condition Variables

    13.5 Signal Handling and Threads

    13.6 Readers and Writers

    13.7 A 'strerror_r' Implementation

    13.8 Deadlocks and Other Pesky Problems

    13.9 Exercise: Multiple Barriers

    13.10 Additional Reading

    Chapter 14. Critical Sections and Semaphores

    14.1 Dealing with Critical Sections

    14.2 Semaphores

    14.3 POSIX:SEM Unnamed Semaphores

    14.4 POSIX:SEM Semaphore Operations

    14.5 POSIX:SEM Named Semaphores

    14.6 Exercise: License Manager

    14.7 Additional Reading

    Chapter 15. POSIX IPC

    15.1 POSIX:XSI Interprocess Communication

    15.2 POSIX:XSI Semaphore Sets

    15.3 POSIX:XSI Shared Memory

    15.4 POSIX:XSI Message Queues

    15.5 Exercise: POSIX Unnamed Semaphores

    15.6 Exercise: POSIX Named Semaphores

    15.7 Exercise: Implementing Pipes with Shared Memory

    15.8 Exercise: Implementing Pipes with Message Queues

    15.9 Additional Reading

    Chapter 16. Project: Producer Consumer Synchronization

    16.1 The Producer-Consumer Problem

    16.2 Bounded Buffer Protected by Mutex Locks

    16.3 Buffer Implementation with Semaphores

    16.4 Introduction to a Simple Producer-Consumer Problem

    16.5 Bounded Buffer Implementation Using Condition Variables

    16.6 Buffers with Done Conditions

    16.7 Parallel File Copy

    16.8 Threaded Print Server

    16.9 Additional Reading

    Chapter 17. Project: The Not Too Parallel Virtual Machine

    17.1 PVM History, Terminology, and Architecture

    17.2 The Not Too Parallel Virtual Machine

    17.3 NTPVM Project Overview

    17.4 I/O and Testing of Dispatcher

    17.5 Single Task with No Input

    17.6 Sequential Tasks

    17.7 Concurrent Tasks

    17.8 Packet Communication, Broadcast and Barriers

    17.9 Termination and Signals

    17.10 Ordered Message Delivery

    17.11 Additional Reading

    Part IV: Communication

    Chapter 18. Connection-Oriented Communication

    18.1 The Client-Server Model

    18.2 Communication Channels

    18.3 Connection-Oriented Server Strategies

    18.4 Universal Internet Communication Interface (UICI)

    18.5 UICI Implementations of Different Server Strategies

    18.6 UICI Clients

    18.7 Socket Implementation of UICI

    18.8 Host Names and IP Addresses

    18.9 Thread-Safe UICI

    18.10 Exercise: Ping Server

    18.11 Exercise: Transmission of Audio

    18.12 Additional Reading

    Chapter 19. Project: WWW Redirection

    19.1 The World Wide Web

    19.2 Uniform Resource Locators (URLs)

    19.3 HTTP Primer

    19.4 Web Communication Patterns

    19.5 Pass-through Monitoring of Single Connections

    19.6 Tunnel Server Implementation

    19.7 Server Driver for Testing

    19.8 HTTP Header Parsing

    19.9 Simple Proxy Server

    19.10 Proxy Monitor

    19.11 Proxy Cache

    19.12 Gateways as Portals

    19.13 Gateway for Load Balancing

    19.14 Postmortem

    19.15 Additional Reading

    Chapter 20. Connectionless Communication and Multicast

    20.1 Introduction to Connectionless Communication

    20.2 Simplified Interface for Connectionless Communication

    20.3 Simple-Request Protocols

    20.4 Request-Reply Protocols

    20.5 Request-Reply with Timeouts and Retries

    20.6 Request-Reply-Acknowledge Protocols

    20.7 Implementation of UICI UDP

    20.8 Comparison of UDP and TCP

    20.9 Multicast

    20.10 Exercise: UDP Port Server

    20.11 Exercise: Stateless File Server

    20.12 Additional Reading

    Chapter 21. Project: Internet Radio

    21.1 Project Overview

    21.2 Audio Device Simulation

    21.3 UDP Implementation with One Program and One Receiver

    21.4 UDP Implementation with Multiple Programs and Receivers

    21.5 UDP Implementation of Radio Broadcasts

    21.6 Multicast Implementation of Radio Broadcasts

    21.7 TCP Implementation Differences

    21.8 Receiving Streaming Audio Through a Browser

    21.9 Additional Reading

    Chapter 22. Project: Server Performance

    22.1 Server Performance Costs

    22.2 Server Architectures

    22.3 Project Overview

    22.4 Single-Client Driver

    22.5 Multiple-Client Driver

    22.6 Thread-per-request and Process-per-request Implementations

    22.7 Thread-worker-pool Strategy

    22.8 Thread-worker Pool with Bounded Buffer

    22.9 Process-worker Pool

    22.10 Influence of Disk I/O

    22.11 Performance Studies

    22.12 Report Writing

    22.13 Additional Reading

    Appendices

    Appendix A. UNIX Fundamentals

    A.1 Manual Pages

    A.2 Compilation

    A.3 Makefiles

    A.4 Debugging Aids

    A.5 Identifiers, Storage Classes and Linkage Classes

    A.6 Additional Reading

    Appendix B. Restart Library

    Appendix C. UICI Implementation

    C.1 Connection-Oriented UICI TCP Implementation

    C.2 Name Resolution Implementations

    C.3 Connectionless UICI UDP Implementation

    Appendix D. Logging Functions

    D.1 Local Atomic Logging

    D.2 Remote Logging

    Appendix E. POSIX Extensions

    Bibliography

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    16.9 Additional Reading


    Most classical books on operating systems discuss some variation of the producer-consumer problem. See, for example, [107, 122]. Unfortunately, in most classic treatments, producers and consumers loop forever, uninterrupted by signals or other complications that arise from a finite universe. "Experimentation with bounded buffer synchronization," by S. Robbins [96] introduces some simple models for estimating how long it takes for an error to show in an incorrectly synchronized bounded buffer program. An online simulator is available for experimentation.


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