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C
CA
See certification authority (CA).
cache
A special memory subsystem in which frequently used data values are duplicated for quick access.
call
To transfer program execution to some section of code (usually a subroutine) while saving the necessary information to allow execution to resume at the calling point when the called section has completed execution. When a subroutine call occurs, one or more values (known as arguments or parameters) are often passed to the subroutine, which can then use and sometimes modify these values.
callback function
A function provided by Internet Information Services (IIS) that allows an Internet Server API (ISAPI) extension or filter to access IIS services.
certificate
A digital document that is commonly used for authentication and to secure information on open networks. A certificate securely binds a public key to the entity that holds the corresponding private key. Certificates are digitally signed by the issuing certification authority (CA), and they can be issued for a user, a computer, or a service.See also private key.See also public key.
certificate revocation list (CRL)
A document maintained and published by a certification authority that lists certificates that have been revoked.See also certificate.See also certification authority (CA).
certificate trust list (CTL)
A signed list of root certification authority certificates that an administrator considers reputable for designated purposes, such as client authentication or secure e-mail.See also certificate.See also certification authority (CA).
certificate, client
See client certificate.
certification authority (CA)
An entity responsible for establishing and vouching for the authenticity of public keys belonging to subjects (usually users or computers) or other certification authorities. Activities of a certification authority can include binding public keys to distinguished names through signed certificates, managing certificate serial numbers, and certificate revocation.See also public key.
CGI
See common gateway interface (CGI).
class
A category of objects that share a common set of characteristics. Each object in the directory is an instance of one or more classes in the schema.See also object.
client
Any computer or program connecting to, or requesting the services of, another computer or program. Client can also refer to the software that enables the computer or program to establish the connection.For a local area network (LAN) or the Internet, a computer that uses shared network resources provided by another computer (called a server).
See also server.
client certificate
A digital certificate that functions in a manner that is similar to a driver's license or passport. Client certificates can contain detailed identification information about the user and organization that issued the certificate.
client tier
In the three-tier Web application model, the application or process that requests services from the middle tier, which typically includes a Web server and business processes.See also data source tier.See also middle tier.
client/server architecture
A model of computing in which client applications running on a desktop or personal computer access information on remote servers or host computers. The client portion of the application is typically optimized for user interaction, whereas the server portion provides centralized, multi-user functionality.
cluster
In data storage, the smallest amount of disk space that can be allocated to hold a file. All file systems used by Windows organize hard disks based on clusters, which consist of one or more contiguous sectors. The smaller the cluster size, the more efficiently a disk stores information. If no cluster size is specified during formatting, Windows picks defaults based on the size of the volume. These defaults are selected to reduce the amount of space that is lost and the amount of fragmentation on the volume. Also called an allocation unit.
In computer networking, a group of independent computers that work together to provide a common set of services and present a single-system image to clients. The use of a cluster enhances the availability of the services and the scalability and manageability of the operating system that provides the services.See also availability.See also scalability.
code page
A means of providing support for character sets and keyboard layouts for different countries or regions. A code page is a table that relates the binary character codes used by a program to keys on the keyboard or to characters on the display.
COM
See Component Object Model (COM).
COM+
An extension of the COM (Component Object Model) programming architecture that includes a runtime or execution environment and extensible services, including transaction services, security, load balancing, and automatic memory management.See also Component Object Model (COM).
common gateway interface (CGI)
A server-side interface for initiating software services. For example a set of interfaces that describe how a Web server communicates with software on the same computer. Any software can be a CGI program if it handles input and output according to the CGI standard.
Component Object Model (COM)
An object-based programming model designed to promote software interoperability; it allows two or more applications or components to easily cooperate with one another, even if they were written by different vendors, at different times, in different programming languages, or if they are running on different computers running different operating systems. OLE technology and ActiveX are both built on top of COM.See also ActiveX.
concrete class
In Windows Management Instrumentation (WMI), a class from which you can create an instance because it has a full implementation.
concurrency
The appearance of simultaneous execution of processes or transactions by interleaving the execution of multiple pieces of work.
connected user
A user who has access to a computer or a resource across the network.
console tree
The left pane in Microsoft Management Console (MMC) that displays the items contained in the console. The items in the console tree and their hierarchical organization determine the capabilities of a console.See also details pane.
cookie
A block of data that a Web server stores on a client system. When a user returns to the same Web site, the browser sends a copy of the cookie back to the server. Cookies identify users, instruct the server to send a customized version of the requested Web page, and submit account information for the user.
credentials
A set of information that includes identification and proof of identification that is used to gain access to local and network resources. Examples of credentials are user names and passwords, smart cards, and certificates.See also certificate.
CRL
See certificate revocation list (CRL).
CryptoAPI
An application programming interface (API) that is provided as part of Microsoft Windows. CryptoAPI provides a set of functions that allows applications to encrypt or digitally sign data in a flexible manner while providing protection for the user's sensitive private key data. Actual cryptographic operations are performed by independent modules known as cryptographic service providers (CSPs).
See also application programming interface (API).See also private key.
cryptographic service provider (CSP)
The code that performs authentication, encoding, and encryption services that Windows-based applications access through CryptoAPI. A CSP is responsible for creating keys, destroying them, and using them to perform a variety of cryptographic operations. Each CSP provides a different implementation of the CryptoAPI. Some provide stronger cryptographic algorithms, while others use hardware components, such as smart cards.See also authentication.See also encryption.
cryptography
The processes, art, and science of keeping messages and data secure. Cryptography is used to enable and ensure confidentiality, data integrity, authentication (entity and data origin), and nonrepudiation.See also authentication.
CSP
See cryptographic service provider (CSP).
CTL
See certificate trust list (CTL).
custom property
A metabase property that is not predefined in the metabase schema (MBSchema.xml) and is created programmatically to meet a specific need.See also schema.
cycle
In logging, to close an existing log file and start a new one.
