بیشترلیست موضوعاتDownloading the EncyclopediaIntroduction
Chapter 1.a
VERSION 2.0Quran and Ahlul-BaytWhy
School of Ahlul-Bayt?
Who are Ahlul-Bayt?
Part iPart iiPart iiiPart ivPart vPart viPart viiThe Word House (Ahlul-Bayt) in QuranSunni Feedback on the Issues of Infallibility
and Ahlul-Bayt
Chapter 1.b
VERSION 2.0Who Offended the Blind?
Infallibility of the Prophets
Part iPart iiPart iii
Leadership and Infallibility
Part iPart ii
The Twelve Imams
Part iPart iiThe Holy Quran and the Pure ImamsThe Reward of Loving Ahlul-BaytHow to Send Greetings to Prophet
Muhammad?Is Being a Member of a Party Forbidden in
Islam?The Term Shia in Quran and
Hadithal-Azhar Verdict on the Shia
Chapter 2
VERSION 2.0The Last LuminarySunni Documentation on Imam al-Mahdi (AS) Special specifications of Imam al-Mahdi (AS)
Necessity of the Existence of Imam al-Mahdi
(AS) More on Imam al-Mahdi (AS) The Knowledge of the Unseen & the
Knowledge of the BookSome Traditions on the Virtues of Imam Ali
(AS)
Chapter 3
VERSION 1.5
Caliphate of Imam Ali (AS)
The Major Difference Between the Shia and
the Sunni
Ghadir Khum
Part iPart iiPart iiiCertainly your Master is .Who is the successor of the Prophet
(PBUH&HF)?The Prophet Announcing His Successor in
His First PreachHow is This Possible?The Opinion of Imam Ali (AS) on
Caliphate
Chapter 4
VERSION 1.5Respecting the Righteous CompanionsA Shi''ite View of the CompanionsThe Tragedy of ThursdayConspiracy Against Imam Ali (AS)Attacking the House of Fatimah (AS)Usurping the Land of FadakLady Fatimah (AS) protests against Abu Bakr''s
ActionsMore Facts on FadakA short history of Fadak after the
Martyrdom of Fatima
Chapter 5.a
VERSION 1.5Muawiyah and Abusing Imam Ali (AS)More on MuawiyahDevelopment of History and Hadith
Collections
Islam of Abu Talib (Parts I through IV)
Part iPart iiPart iiiPart ivWas Azar the Father of Prophet Abraham?Who was Umm Kulthum the wife of Umar?On the Companions who Murdered UthmanThe Innovations of the Early CaliphsAre Munafiqeen Counted Among the Sahabah?Shia vs. Iran
Chapter 5.b
VERSION 1.5Imam Husain (AS): A brief Description and
AnalysisSome Traditions on Imam al-Husain (AS)Reasons Behind the Commemoration of Imam
al-Husain (AS)Did Imam al-Husain (AS) Know He Would Be
killed?The Martyred Ones
Tragedy of Karbala as reported by the Sunnis
Part iPart iiPart iiiPart ivPart vPart viPart viiPart viiiPart ix
Chapter 6.a
VERSION 2.0
Temporary Marriage in Islam:
Part 1: Evidences From Quran and the Sunni
CommentariesPart 2: Evidences From the Sunni Hadith
CollectionsPart 3: Evidences From the Sunni
History/Fiqh/Misc. BooksPart 4: Some Contradicting ReportsPart 5: Purpose of Marriage; Prohibition of
Illegal Sex & AlcoholPart 6: Similarities and Differences of
Mut''a and Regular MarriagePart 7: The Necessities and the
Advantages of Mut''aPart 8: Some Frequently Asked Questions on
Mut''aDebate on the Legitimacy of Mut''a:
Chapter 6.b
VERSION 1.5
al-Taqiyya/Dissimulation
Part iPart iiPart iiiKhums (one fifth)Tawassul (Resorting to Intermediary)Evidence for Tawassul by a Sunni WriterDid Muhammad Receive Revelation by
Mistake?!
Imamat vs. Prophethood
Part iPart iiFinality of the Prophethood
Chapter 7
VERSION 1.5
The Shia/Sunni Jurisprudence:
Shia ScholarsThe Rules of Modesty (according to five
Schools)Fasting (according to five Schools)Call for Prayer (Adhan) and Ablution
(Wudu)Joining Prayers and Other related
IssuesPrayer (according to five Schools)
Chapter 8
VERSION 1.5
Shia/Sunni and Quran:
Belief of Shia in the Completeness of
QuranDifferent Arrangements of QuranSome Sunni Reports on the
Incompleteness of QuranThe Quran Compiled by Imam Ali (AS)Tabarsi and incompleteness of QuranThe Book of Fatimah (AS)Can ANY human do that?Early Debates on the Integrity of the
Quran (Incomplete)
Chapter 9
VERSION 1.5Outline of DifferencesTraditions which falsely allege physical
attributes to AllahAbu Huraira vs. PaulSimilarities of Jews/Christians/MuslimsIbn Taymiya and his WorksThe Wahhabis
Chapter 10
VERSION 1.5
Abdullah Ibn Saba
Part iPart iiPart iiiPart ivPart v
Kaab al-Ahbar
Part iPart iiPart iii
Chapter 11
VERSION 1.5Kumail''s Invocation and other
SupplicationsFree Will and FatalismDivine Justice and the Problem of EvilSome traditions from al-Kafi on the place of
reason in religionSome stories on Imam Ali (AS)Islamic Scientistsتوضیحاتافزودن یادداشت جدید
Free Will and Fatalism INTRODUCTION:This article deals with the perplexing issues of Free Will and Fatalism.Both viewpoints, the Sunnis's and Shia's, will be presented, as the purpose is to be as fair and objective as possible.This is a VERY sensitive subject, and needs a lot of attention.I will NOT cover every detail such that I am not qualified, nor do I have all the resources.Nonetheless, I will cover as much as is necessary for you to understand your responsibility before Allah (SWT).Now, to get to the topic at hand, I will start with what the Sunnis believe, and then state what the Shia believe.This peace is taken from Dr. al-Tijani's second book Ma'ah al- Sadeeqeen -- With the Truthful Ones (1989), pp 133-148.I have quoted him where appropriate, and added my own remarks elsewhere.Please refer to those pages for consultation, as well as the books of history, hadith, and philosophy.FREE WILL AND FATALISM:Dr. al-Tijani starts out by expressing his own experience with the concepts of Free Will (Qadariyyah) and Fatalism (Jabriyah).He was always baffled, as I was, by what the Sunni scholars preach in sermons and by what their books state about EVERYTHING being the Will of Allah (SWT): Drinking wine is the Will of Allah (SWT), sleeping, killing, evil, adultery, marriage, knowledge, health, accidental death, and even whether you end up in hell or heaven was judged before you were born! How can that be? How can Allah (SWT) state in the Quran:Allah is never unjust in the least degree: If there is any good (done), he doubleth it, and giveth from His Own Self a great reward.[4:40]Then Allah (SWT) states:Whoever works righteousness benefits his own soul; whoever works evil, it is against his own soul: Nor is thy Lord ever unjust (in the least) to His servants.[41:46]Again, among many other places, Allah (SWT) asserts:Verily Allah will NOT deal unjustly with man in aught: It is man that wrongs his own soul (and other souls).[10:44]How can these verses be reconciled with what the Sunnis preach? It is either that Allah (SWT) is right, and the scholars are wrong, or vice versa? Of course, for the believer, the answer to that question is quite obvious.However, the Quran also states:But ye will not, except as Allah wills; for Allah is full of Knowledge and Wisdom.[76:30]And Allah (SWT) states:...For Allah leaves to stray whom He wills, and guides whom He wills...[35:8]What kind of contradiction is this? Exalted be Allah (SWT) from contradicting Himself.It is this kind of mental torture and struggle that I went through every day: On the one hand, Allah (SWT) asserts His (SWT) Justice, yet on the other He (SWT) asserts His (SWT) Will to do as He (SWT) pleases because He (SWT) is the Creator (SWT).Note that I agree with Dr.al-Tijani regarding this mental struggle, and I have seen how it is destroying the fabric of our society, especially the youth.Dr. al-Tijani continues: I was not alone in this struggle, and that's why many scholars and sheiks when asked about Qada Wa Qadr (Destiny), they simply brush off the subject and say that it is not for us to decide this matter.Then the scholars state that the Prophet (PBUH&HF) said that we must believe in Qada Wa Qadr whether it is good or bad.Now, if an inquiring mind asked those scholars how can Allah (SWT) force someone to commit adultery, for example, and then condemn him to hell, they would claim that the questioner is a disbeliever that has abandoned his religion!It is this kind of avoidance of the crucial issues in one's existence and religion that has fostered intellectual decay in the Ummah of Muhammad (PBUH&HF).THE SUNNIS AND THE QUESTION OF DESTINY:Dr. al-Tijani narrates a brief encounter with a Sunni scholar that asserts that EVERYTHING is the will of Allah (SWT).So Dr. al-Tijani countered his argument with the following: First, marriage is NOT the Will of Allah (SWT) because Allah (SWT) says:Marry women of YOUR CHOICE.[4:3]Second, divorce is NOT written -- i. e. , not the Will of Allah (SWT) either:A divorce is only permissible twice; after that, the parties should either hold together on equitable terms, or separate with kindness.[2:229]That is, the parties are AT LIBERTY to separate or maintain a relationship;they are NOT forced or coerced.Third, adultery is NOT the Will of Allah (SWT) either:Nor come nigh to adultery: For it is an indecent (deed) and an evil way.[17:32]You are AT LIBERTY to commit or refrain from adultery.Fourth, drinking alcohol is also NOT the Will of Allah (SWT):Satan's plan is (but) to excite enmity and hatred between you, with intoxicants and gambling, and hinder you from the remembrance of Allah, and from prayer: Will ye not then abstain?[5:91]You are AT LIBERTY to abstain.Fifth, as for killing a human being, it is also NOT the Will of Allah (SWT), for Allah (SWT) says:If a man kills a believer INTENTIONALLY, his recompense is Hell, to abide therein (for ever); and the wrath and curse of Allah are upon him, and a dreadful chastisement is prepared for him.[4:93]Again, Allah (SWT) says:....TAKE NOT LIFE, which Allah hath made sacred, except by way of justice and law: Thus doth He command you, that ye may learn wisdom.[6:151]Your freedom in these matters is most apparent.Sixth, as for eating and drinking, they are also NOT the Will of Allah (SWT), for Allah (SWT) said:eat and drink, but waste not by excess, for Allah loveth not the wasters.[7:31]You are AT LIBERTY to eat or not to eat, to drink or not to drink, and to waste or not to waste.Dr. al-Tijani said to the scholar: How, then, can you claim that EVERYTHING is the Will of Allah (SWT), when the Quran is clear about that matter?The scholar answered that Allah (SWT) does whatever He (SWT) pleases, as the Quran states:Say: O Allah! Lord of Power (and Rule), thou givest Power to whom thou pleasest, and thou strippest off power from whom thou pleasest:Thou enduest with honour whom thou pleasest, and thou bringest low whom thou pleasest: In Thy hand is all Good.Verily, over all things thou hast power.[3:26]Dr. al-Tijani answered: We are not quarreling about whether Allah (SWT) CAN do whatever He (SWT) wishes or not; we are debating whether or not Allah (SWT) FORCES people to do things, and then punishes them for it?The scholar answered: You have your religion, and I have mine! and the discussion was over.Two days later, Dr. al-Tijani returned and said: So if your belief is that Allah (SWT) executes EVERYTHING, and His (SWT) servants have NO choice whatsoever in the matter, why, then, don't you apply the same reasoning to the matter of the Caliphate; and [surrender to the point] that Allah (SWT) chooses whomever He (SWT) wishes? The point that Dr. al- Tijani is trying to drive across concerns the belief by the Shia that al-Imam Ali (AS) was chosen by Allah (SWT) to be the successor to the Prophet (PBUH&HF).The scholar said: YES! I do believe that; because Allah (SWT) has chosen Abu Bakr, then Umar, then Uthman, and then Ali (AS).Dr. al-Tijani said: Now you have fallen in the trap of your own logic!The scholar said: How so?Dr. al-Tijani said: Either you say [and believe] that Allah (SWT) has chosen the first four Caliphs, and then left the matter for the people to decide upon.Or you say [and believe] that Allah (SWT) has not left the matter of the Caliphate for the people to decide upon; and it is He (SWT) Who chooses ALL the successors [of the Prophet (PBUH&HF)] from the day of his (PBUH&HF) death till the Day of Judgment?The scholar answered by quoting the Quran:Say: O Allah! Lord of Power (and Rule), thou givest Power to whom thou pleasest, and thou strippest off power from whom thou pleasest:Thou enduest with honour whom thou pleasest, and thou bringest low whom thou pleasest: In Thy hand is all Good.Verily, over all things thou hast power.[3:26]Dr. al-Tijani contended: So you believe that EVERY King or Leader, whether now or in the past, who has fought against Islam has been appointed by Allah (SWT)?He (the scholar) said: Yes! No doubt about it!Dr. al-Tijani said: Subhan Allah (SWT) -- Vindicated from ALL Impurities/Imperfections Be Allah! How, then, do you defend the Sunnis in their contention that the Prophet (PBUH&HF) died and left the matter for THE PEOPLE TO DECIDE?The scholar said: Yes, I do believe that, and I will continue to believe it (forever), In Sha' Allah (SWT) -- Allah Willing!Dr. al-Tijani said: How do reconcile Allah's (SWT) Will with that of the people?The scholar said: Since the Muslims chose Abu Bakr, that means that Allah (SWT) has chosen him!Dr. al-Tijani said: How did the Muslims know that Allah (SWT) wanted Abu Bakr?The scholar said: Because if Allah (SWT) wanted anybody else, neither the Muslims nor the scholars would be able to prevent what Allah (SWT) wanted!At this stage, Dr. al-Tijani realized the futility of conversing with such men; and that if we abide by what these people say, we will never be able to forward a veritable scientific or philosophical theory or contention.(Note that I have skipped some of the dialogue between Dr. al- Tijani and the scholar for purposes of maintaining the attention span of the reader. However, the parts I skipped in NO WAY affect the clarity or message of the conversation. )It is this kind of attitude that has destroyed the youth and the intellectual curiosity among humanity in general.For if we believe as this scholar believes, then we will never accomplish anything! Why? Because if we abide by the above fatalist approach, we would genuinely believe that the current state of the Ummah is what Allah (SWT) wants, and the massacring of Muslims is what Allah (SWT) wants, and the ignorance that prevails, and to fail on an exam at school, and to have a car accident are ALL the Will of Allah (SWT); and, as such, we cannot change anything until Allah (SWT) wants, so let's sit and wait while the nonbelievers have invaded outer space and reached the other planets!!! This is exactly what the enemies of Islam want!Dr. al-Tijani traces this concept of Fatalism to the Ummayads, who were the clan of Uthman Ibn Afan, the third caliph.He states that during these days, when Uthman was caliph, and due to his corruption in politics and government, the Muslims requested that he step down from the leadership of the Ummah.Uthman replied:I shall not undress a shirt which has been clothed on me by Allah.The shirt here refers to the leadership of the Muslims; and the opinion of Uthman that Allah (SWT) is the One (SWT) Who clothed him the shirt, indicates that it is the Will of Allah (SWT) that Uthman is the caliph.And that the shirt shall only be undressed as a consequence of Uthman's death (i. e. , when he dies. ).We also find the same attitude from Muawiyah, who is a relative of Uthman, at a later point in time.For Muawiyah had said, as Ibn Kathir narrates in v8, p131:I didn't fight you to pray, fast, and pay charity, but rather to become your leader and control you, and Allah (SWT) has given me that, even if you dislike it!This is an indication that he never cared about any of Islam's mandates, nor Allah's (SWT) orders; rather his war was politically motivated to gain control of the region and become the appointed leader.Again, Muawiyah has claimed that he is the leader of the Ummah because Allah (SWT) has made him so.However, Muawiyah's claim is more far-reaching [and damaging] than that of Uthman; for Muawiyah's claim lends credibility to the evil contention that Allah (SWT) has aided and abetted him (Muawiyah) in killing [innocent] Muslims.Allahu Akbar! (Allah is Great!) THE SHIA AND THE QUESTION OF DESTINY:Now, for the Shia's opinion on Free Will and Fatalism:Dr. al-Tijani has met with the Great Scholars of the Twelver Shi'ite in Iraq.Among those he talked to are: The Martyr Muhammad Baqr al-Sadr, al- Khoie, Muhammad Ali al-Tabatabai, al- Hakim, and many others (May Allah (SWT) have mercy on those that have passed away, and on those that remain).Dr. al-Tijani narrates what these great scholars explained to him:When al-Imam Ali (AS) was asked about Free Will and Fatalism, he (AS) said:(NOTE: This is a VERY hard quote to translate; thus, this translation is ROUGH at best, but it does convey the point):Woe to you! Did you think that it was a mandatory destiny, and a final will? If it was as such, then reward and punishment would have no value, and admonition and exhortation would totally fail! Allah (SWT) has ordered His (SWT) servants to obey Him (SWT) voluntarily, and asked them to cease doing evil as a warning to them (from punishment); and He (SWT) has ordained easy (simple) things in religion, and He (SWT) has not ordained difficult (hard) duties.He (SWT) has given for the small amount of good deeds you do, a great reward; and He (SWT) is never disobeyed as a sign of His (SWT) defeat (or lack of power and ability); and He (SWT) is not obeyed [or worshipped] through coercion and force, rather voluntarily.He (SWT) has not sent Prophets and Messengers as part of a game He (SWT) is playing; nor did He (SWT) send down the Books (revealed scripture) for no reason.And He (SWT) did not create the Heavens and the Earths as a falsehood (triviality); That, indeed, is the belief of the nonbelievers: Woe to the nonbelievers from the hellfire.NOTE: The latter part of the speech: That, indeed, is the belief of the nonbelievers: Woe to the nonbelievers from the hellfire.is a verse from the Quran that al-Imam Ali (AS) concluded with.Dr. al-Tijani, when he first heard this, was filled with joy to know that it is HE who controls his actions, and it is HE who is responsible for doing good deeds to enter heaven.And it is not, as the Sunni scholars claim, the Will of Allah (SWT) for him to enter hell.Dr. al-Tijani says: al-Imam Ali (AS) struck the nail on the head when he (AS) said: .and He (SWT) is never disobeyed as a sign of His (SWT) defeat (or lack of power and ability);.For if Allah (SWT) wanted to force ANYbody into doing something, NOTHING can stop Him (SWT).Rather it is a corroboration by al- Imam Ali (AS) to what Allah (SWT) said:Say, The Truth is from your Lord Let him who will, believe (it);and let him who will, reject (it).[18:29]Then al-Imam Ali (AS) strikes the inner workings of the mind and consciousness by asserting that if EVERYTHING was the Will of Allah (SWT), then the function of the Prophets and Messengers would be a total waste of time.Again, if EVERYTHING was the Will of Allah (SWT), Revealed Scripture would have no value either; this would clearly violate the verses of the Quran:Verily this Quran doth guide to that which is most right (or stable), and giveth the glad tidings to the believers who work deeds of righteousness, that they shall have a magnificent reward.[17:9]So the Quran IS a book that guides people (which means that It was revealed for the purpose of guiding mankind), and the believers are AT LIBERTY to .work deeds of righteousness.The contention is that if EVERYTHING was the Will of Allah (SWT), why would Allah (SWT) send Messengers to warn us, when He (SWT) has already judged us? What good is it to do any kind of deeds (good or bad), when the judgment for these deeds has already been rendered, regardless of what you do?We have seen many sects in Islam that have either said: EVERYTHING is the Will of Allah (SWT) --This is Jabriyyah; or those who said: EVERYTHING is Free Will --This is Qadariyyah.Both views are wrong, because they are not realistic.Can you control to which parents you are born to, for example?Or is it realistic to believe that Allah (SWT) FORCES you to drink alcohol, and then punishes you for it? The answer to both questions is: OBVIOUSLY NOT!The Shia, however, have struck it right: al-Imam Ja'far al- Sadiq (AS) said:It is not TOTAL Free Will, nor is it TOTAL Fatalism; rather, it is a matter between [those] two matters.When a man asked al-Imam al-Sadiq (AS) what he (AS) meant by the above quote, al-Imam al-Sadiq (AS) answered: To walk on the ground is not the same as to fall on it! What a response!!! (My comment!) Here's what it means: You walk on the ground voluntarily, but it may happen to you that you fall because something unexpected happened to you (for instance, some body hit you from the back).Who among you wants to fall on the ground on purpose? Such is the wisdom of the Imams, the progeny of the Seal of Prophecy (PBUH&HF).So Qada Wa Qadr is a matter between two matters: Some things we can control, and others we can't; it is a mixture of Free Will and Allah's (SWT) Will.This belief is closer to reason than what all the other schools say.Moreover, a human being is ONLY liable for that which he has a will [and control] over; and Allah (SWT) will judge him on those deeds that he voluntarily committed, NOT the ones that he has no control over.Allah (SWT) says:By the soul, and the proportion and order given to it; and its inspiration as to its wrong and its right;-- Truly he succeeds that purifies it, and he fails that corrupts it.[91:7-10]Indeed, he who purifies his soul is destined to succeed, and he who corrupts it is destined to failure.That is where your choice comes in.Again, things like the operation of the Universe, the movement of the planets, ones own sex at birth, one's color of skin, one's parents, and so on, we have no will or control over, and we will NOT be held responsible for; but whether or not to be believers, killers, hypocrites, commit adultery, feed our children, and so on, we do have control over, and we WILL be held accountable for them.As a conclusion to the matter, and a final display of the superior knowledge of the Imams, I quote the following: al-Imam Ali Ibn Musa al-Rida (AS), the Eighth Imam, was 14 years old when he (AS) was asked about what al- Imam al-Sadiq (AS) meant by a matter between [those] two matters? At 14 years of age, al-Imam Ali Ibn Musa al-Rida (AS) said:He who says that Allah (SWT) FORCES us to do our actions, subscribes to the school of Fatalism (Jabriyyah).He who says that Allah (SWT) has left the matter of birth, creation, and wealth to the Hujjahs, subscribes to the school of Free Will (Qadariyyah).[NOTE: Hujjah means Proof. It includes Prophets, Messengers, and the Imams. The significance of the word is that the Prophets, Messengers, and Imams command what Allah (SWT) wants, and serve as a proof against the people they have been sent to; as such, they are Allah's (SWT) Proofs on Earth. ] Then Imam (AS) continues. He who subscribes to Fatalism (Jabriyyah) is a Kafir (Nonbeliever), and he who subscribes to Free Will (Qadariyyah) is a Mushrik (Polytheist).As for the matter between two matters, it is the seeking of the path that leads to the fulfillment of Allah's (SWT) orders.Allah (SWT) has given man the ability and freedom to do good (deeds) or not to do good (deeds); and, Allah (SWT) has given man the ability and freedom to do evil (deeds) or not to do evil (deeds), then He (SWT) ordered him to do good (deeds), and prohibited him from doing evil (deeds).Such is the great knowledge of the Imams, may Allah (SWT) bless them all.It is no surprise that even at the age of 14, they are so knowledgeable;for it only confirms what the Prophet (PBUH&HF) said about them:Don't get too far ahead of them, or you'll be destroyed.Nor stay far behind them, or you'll also be destroyed.And don't try to teach them, for they are far more knowledgeable than you are.This tradition is mentioned in:Usd al-Ghabah, by Ibn Athir, v3, p137;al- Sawa'iq al-Muhriqah by Ibn Hajar, p148;Majma' al-Zawa'id, v9, p163;Yanabee' al-Mawada, p41;al-Durr al-Manthoor by al-Suyuti, v2, p60;Kanz al- 'Umal, by al-Muttaqi al-Hindi, v1, p168;and Aqabat al-Anwar, v1, p184.THE CALIPHATE AND THE QUESTION OF QADA WA QADAR:The strange thing about the Sunni belief is that while they believe that EVERYTHING is the Will of Allah (SWT), they stubbornly attach themselves to the contention that the Prophet (PBUH&HF) left the matter of the Caliphate (Succession) for them to decide upon.The Shia believe the exact opposite of what the Sunnis believe with regards to this issue (i. e. , succession).While it is true that the Shia ardently support the concept of Half-Free Will, they will NOT apply it to the concept of the Caliphate (Succession).The Shia believe that the Successor to a ANY Prophet or Messenger is a matter that ONLY Allah (SWT) decides upon; and they can have NO say in the matter.As such, it is the belief of Twelver Shi'ite that al-Imam Ali (AS) was chosen by Allah (SWT) to succeed the Prophet (PBUH&HF).Prima Facie (superficially), this appears to be a contradiction on the part of both parties, but the truth is otherwise.The Sunnis when they claim that EVERYTHING is the Will of Allah (SWT), they make Allah (SWT) the ACTUAL EXECUTOR of His (SWT) Will; and they are left with an IMAGINARY WILL of their own.So it was the Companions (along with Umar) that chose Abu Bakr after the death of the Prophet (PBUH&HF); but, in actuality, they were only executing Allah's (SWT) Will (i. e. , the companions were only instruments used by Allah (SWT) to execute His (SWT) Will. ).That is the Sunnis's interpretation of the events.The Shia, however, when they assert that Allah (SWT) has given His (SWT) servants the freedom of choice, they DO NOT contradict themselves by stating that ONLY Allah (SWT) chooses the Chaliph (Successor).For Allah (SWT) states in the Quran:Thy Lord does create and CHOOSE AS HE PLEASES: NO CHOICE have they (in the matter).[28:68]And We made them Imams, guiding (men) by Our command, and We inspired them to do good deeds, to establish regular prayers, and to give Zakat; and they constantly served Us (and Us only).[21:73]And We appointed from among them, Imams, giving guidance under Our command, so long as they persevered with patience and continued to have faith in Our Signs.[32:24][NOTE: In the above two verses A. Yusuf Ali uses the term Leaders instead of Imams; however, the Arabic Quran uses the word IMAMS -- Check for yourselves. ]And remember that Abraham was tried by his Lord with certain commands, which he fulfilled: He (Allah) said: I will make thee an Imam to the people.He (Abraham) pleaded: And also (Imams) from my offspring! He (Allah) answered: But My Promise is not within the reach of evil-doers.[2:124] So, as we see from the above verses, the matter of Succession (Chaliphate) is just like that of Prophethood -- People have NO SAY in it.Allah (SWT) is the One who chose Moses, Jesus, Muhammad, and the rest of the Prophets, Messengers, and Imams; and there's NOTHING people can do about it.However, the Free Will component lies in the fact that you AT LIBERTY to believe in or reject ANY Prophet sent to you, as has happened throughout the history of mankind (i. e. , some people believed, while others rejected the Prophets. ).A true believer will accept Allah's (SWT) orders, and attain felicity; while a nonbeliever will reject Allah's (SWT) Signs, and suffer the consequences.Indeed, Allah (SWT) says:whosoever follows My guidance, will not lose his way, nor fall into misery.But whosoever turns away from My message, verily for him is a life narrowed down, and We shall raise him up blind on the Day of Judgment.He will say: O my Lord! Why hast thou raised me up blind, while I had sight (before)? (Allah) will say: Thus didst thou, when Our Signs came unto thee, forgot them: so wilt thou, this day, be forgotten.[20:123-126]Now, if we objectively analyze both viewpoints: that of the Sunnis, and that of the Shia, we will discover that the Sunnis's viewpoint literally holds Allah responsible (SWT) for EVERYTHING in the Universe, whether it be good or bad.Whereas, the Shia have clearly vindicated Allah (SWT) from such impurities, and have proved that EACH Soul shall reap what it has sown.Which viewpoint is closer to reason? One that blames Allah, THE Creator and Sustainer of the Universe, or one that makes YOU responsible for your own actions? I leave the answer for the enlightened reader to provide.RESPONSES TO SUNNI BROTHERS:First, a Sunni brother made the comment that I am accusing ALL Sunni scholars of being fatalists, when in reality, this is NOT the case.My response was:First, I did not say that ALL the Sunni scholars are fatalists; rather, the MAJORITY.Moreover, most of the scholars preaching in the Mosques share the view of fatalism, and, as such, have contributed to the corruption of the youths, who are the seeds of the future.It is a betrayal of the scholarly trust when a SCHOLAR BLINDLY accepts tradition and what others say.(NOTE: I emphasize the word scholar because I am NOT talking about the layman who CANNOT interpret complex philosophical issues and sophisticated matters of jurisprudence.But for a scholar, who is in a position to give Fatwas -- Religious Opinions, to blindly become fatalistic is unacceptable in its entirety. )Indeed, Allah (SWT) challenged the Jews and the Christians by saying: Bring forth your argument (proof) if ye are telling the truth![27:64] As such, it is MANDATORY for such scholars to provide proof to support their view of fatalism.Keep in mind that in Islam, the theory of proofs is as follows: If two proofs are presented, and each proof is strong enough to equal the other proof, they cancel each other out, and new proofs will be sought.However, if one of the proofs is stronger than the other, then the stronger proof prevails and becomes dominant. As far as Free Will vs.Fatalism is concerned, clearly Free Will, as I presented it, wins hands down.Note also that this article depicts what the MAINSTREAM Sunnis and what the MAINSTREAM Shia believe.Undoubtedly, there are Sunni scholars and individuals who are NOT blind fatalists, and there are Shi'i scholars and individuals who ARE blind fatalists.Neither group represents MAINSTREAM thought within either faction.Second, another Sunni brother stated that I neglected the following verses in my analysis: surah 74 54.Nay this surely is an admonition:55. Let any who will keep it in remembrance!56. But none will keep it in remembrance except as Allah wills:He is the Lord of Righteousness and the Lord of Forgiveness.surah 76 29.This is an admonition: whosoever will let him take a (straight) Path to his Lord.30. But ye will not except as Allah wills; for Allah is full of Knowledge and Wisdom.31. He will admit to His Mercy Whom He will; but the wrongdoers for them has He prepared a grievous Penalty.surah 57 22.No misfortune can happen on earth or in your souls but is recorded in a decree before We bring it into existence: that is truly easy for Allah:23. In order that ye may not despair over matters that pass you by nor exult over favors bestowed upon you.For Allah loveth not any vainglorious boaster My response was as follows:With regards to the above verses, and your claim that I am more in favor of Free Will than Fatalism, thereby neglecting the above verses, I offer the following:What Allah (SWT) is saying in the above verses, among others, when He (SWT) states: But ye will not except as Allah wills.
is NOT as you understand it to be.Please remember the following very important sentence:SOME OF THE WILL OF ALLAH CHENGES BASED ON OUR ACTION.It is not fixed.This serves as Half-Free Will for the human. It is all the Will of Allah, but SOME of His Will are modified by Himself.(We do not modify it. He modifies it based on our actions).Quran gives evidence to this fact:Allah removes what He wills, and confirms (what He wills), and with Him is the Essence of the Book.[13:39]Also this: Allah does not change the situation of any group of people, unless they change what is in themselves.[13:11] Also the following two verse in which Allah changed the decision in real time, base on the weakness appeared to the companions:8:65 O Prophet! Exhort the believers to fight.If there be of you twenty steadfast they shall overcome two hundred, and if there be of you a hundred steadfast they shall overcome a thousand of those who disbelieve, because they (the disbelievers) are a folk without intelligence.8:66 Now, has Allah lightened your (duty), for He knowes that there is weakness in you.So if there be of you a steadfast hundred they shall overcome two hundred, and if there be of you a thousand (steadfast) they shall overcome two thousand by permission of Allah.Allah is with the steadfast.[8:65-66]Also look at this: But those who do ill deeds and afterward repent and believe lo! for them, then after that, Allah is Forgiving, Merciful.[7:153]Note that Allah changes His decision after the action of human (here is repentance).There are many more verses similar to above (see 16:110, 16:119, etc. )Allah (SWT) has given you the freedom to act and do whatever you want WITHIN the CONFINES of your abilities.Now Allah (SWT) can interfere at ANYTIME to change a matter without any inhibition from ANYONE.As such, His (SWT) Will to INTERFERE and change a matter prevails over His (SWT) creation's will.So Allah (SWT) Wills in the sense that He (SWT) ALLOWS an event to occur, without Him (SWT) stopping it from happening.That is His (SWT) Will, NOT that He (SWT) forces you to do something, and then punishes you for it.(Exalted be Allah (SWT) from such an inference!) Given that fact, Allah (SWT) can, for example, intervene to return Palestine to the Muslims, but He (SWT) doesn't.That DOES NOT mean that Allah (SWT) approves of having Palestine in the hands of the Jews, but rather Allah (SWT) has a more sublime wisdom in not interfering.Now, the obvious question is: Why doesn't Allah (SWT) interfere, for example, to help the Muslims that are being slaughtered in Bosnia, or elsewhere?The answer is as follows: Going back to the Free Will argument, you are responsible for your acts.If Allah (SWT) interferes to prevent evil from happening, then who will be held accountable? It is this Accountability Principle that precludes the interference of Allah (SWT) in many (not all) situations.That DOES NOT mean, however, that Allah (SWT) NEVER intervenes or that He (SWT) approves of the matter, but rather Allah (SWT) intervenes only when He (SWT), Himself (SWT), sees a reason to do so, as when He (SWT) intervened and helped the Prophet Abraham (AS) from the fire of the nonbelievers, among other examples.Why did Allah (SWT) intervene then?That's where your faith in Allah's (SWT) wisdom comes into play.Do you believe in Allah (SWT) to the extent that you trust what He (SWT) does, EVEN if you don't fully understand it? If yes, then you have answered the question for yourself.If not, then you have a weak faith which is in need of some strengthening.CONCLUSION:In conclusion, I (myself, not Dr. al-Tijani) realize that many points presented in this article are NOT easy to comprehend, nor are they meant for the average person; however, I have deeply suffered from the problem of Free Will and Fatalism, and my agony throughout that ordeal is virtually beyond description.As such, I do not wish anybody to suffer as I have. Let me also assert that my PERSONAL opinion is that Fatalism in Islamic societies is one of THE MOST damaging ideologies around; it fosters a COMPLETE paralysis of intellectual and physical exertions, and promotes decay from within the community.It is a GREAT SHAME that we should profoundly suffer due to a false ideology. We have been deceived for all these years (1400 or so), while the Shia have always had the answer to this perplexing question.It is the irony of life that we mock those who possess knowledge, while we praise our own ignorance!Given that, I leave you with the same questions: Are you realistic when you claim that Allah (SWT) FORCES you into committing evil, and then punishes you for it? If Allah (SWT) has created me a Kafir, why then should I bother and rectify myself? What difference would it make -- I have already been judged?