Windows.XP.in.a.Nutshell.1002005.2Ed [Electronic resources] نسخه متنی

A.1. Installation on a New (Clean) System

The Windows XP installation CD is bootable, which means that
(assuming your PC supports bootable CDs) you can put it in the drive,
turn on your computer, and the installation process will start
automatically.

To configure your computer to boot off a CD, you'll
need to use your system's
BIOS setup utility. When you first
power on your machine, you'll see a text screen with
a summary of your motherboard, processor, and installed memory. (If
you see only a logo, try pressing the Esc or Tab keys.) Here, you
typically press F2, Del, or some other key combination to
"Enter Setup." (Refer to your
PC's documentation for specifics.) Once
you've entered the BIOS setup utility, go to the
boot section, and change the "boot device
priority" or "boot
sequence" so that your CD drive appears before your
hard disk. Exit the BIOS setup screen when you're
finished.

If you have a SCSI-based CD drive, look in your SCSI
controller's BIOS setup screen and enable support
for bootable CDs. If your SCSI controller is built into your
motherboard, you'll probably need to both specify
your SCSI controller as a boot priority over your hard disk, and
enable bootable CDs in your SCSI BIOS.

If you're unable to boot off the Windows XP CD,
you'll need to use a bootable floppy, either one
made from a previous version of Windows (see Section A.1.2 later), or one that comes
with the full version of Windows XP.

After a lengthy initialization process, you'll
finally be presented with several choices. The first screen instructs
you to press Enter to set up Windows XP now, or press R to repair a
Windows XP installation using the Recovery Console. The Recovery Console,
covered later in this appendix, is an advanced diagnostic and repair
tool. Unless you specifically need to use the Recovery Console, press
Enter to continue (even if you need to repair Windows).

At this point, setup will look for an existing Windows XP
installation. If found, you'll have the opportunity
to repair it now, which is usually preferred over using the Recovery
Console. The repair process essentially involves reinstalling Windows
XP, and is what you'll want to do if
you're unable to start Windows. If you
don't need to repair Windows XP, press Esc to
continue.

The next screen will allow you to choose a drive and
partition on which to install Windows; in
most cases, you'll have only a single drive and a
single partition. Here, you'll have the option of
installing onto an existing drive or making changes to your partition
table. This effectively replaces the FDISK utility used when installing some
earlier versions of Windows on a clean system. To partition your hard
disk after you've installed Windows XP, use
PartitionMagic
(http://www.powerquest.com).
It's important to note that if you delete a
partition that has data on it, all of the data will be erased.

If you're installing on a clean system (with a new,
empty hard disk), you'll want to create a new
partition using all of the available space (or several partitions, as
desired). In most cases, you'll want to choose the


NTFS filesystem, which is more robust and
secure than the now-obsolete
FAT32
filesystem. NTFS also supports encryption, compression, and
permissions. Use FAT32 only if you need to share data with a Windows
Me/9x installation.

If you're installing on a hard disk with data on it,
and you don't want to erase the data, simply select
the desired partition (usually the first one,
C:\). Note that if you've
backed up your data, you have the option of deleting your partition,
creating a new one, and installing fresh. Although this does require
the additional work involved in restoring your data, it does result
in a cleaner, usually faster, and more reliable installation.

The rest of the installation process should be fairly
straightforward; if you run into a problem, see Section A.1.5, later in this appendix.

A.1.1. Upgrade from a Previous Version of Windows

The


preferred
way to upgrade
Windows XP from a previous version is to install from within Windows.
With Windows running, insert the Windows XP CD into your drive. If
you have AutoPlay disabled, or Setup doesn't start
automatically for some reason, open Windows Explorer, navigate to
your CD drive, and double-click setup.exe. When
Setup starts, you'll be given four choices, as shown
in Figure A-1.

Figure A-1. Setup options for the Windows XP upgrade

Install Windows XP

This opens the main Windows Setup program. When it starts, your first
choice will be between "Upgrade
(Recommended)" and "New
Installation (Advanced)." Choose Upgrade only if you
want to install Windows XP over your existing installation, replacing
your current OS with Windows XP and migrating all your settings and
applications in one step.

On the other hand, you may wish to choose New Installation if you
want to set up a dual-boot system (discussed later in this appendix),
or if you want to install on another partition or on a clean hard
disk (see Section A.1, earlier in
this appendix).

Install optional Windows components

This is the same as going to Control Panel
Add or Remove Programs
Add/Remove Windows
Components. Place a checkmark next to components you want installed,
or clear the checkmark next to components you want removed.

Perform additional tasks

This page contains links to several, mostly self-explanatory, tasks.
Click "Set up Remote Desktop
Connection" to install the Remote Desktop Connection
software on another computer; see "Remote Desktop Connection" in Chapter 4 for details. Click "Set up
a home or small office network" to run the Network
Setup Wizard, also discussed in Chapter 4.
Finally, click "Transfer files and
settings" to run the Files and Settings Transfer
Wizard, additionally discussed in Chapter 4.

Check system compatibility

This runs the Microsoft Windows Upgrade Advisor, which looks for
potential problems, such as incompatible software and hardware. The
Upgrade Advisor is also run automatically at Windows setup. When the
Upgrade Advisor finds a potential incompatibility, it lists it in a
report along with any available information.

The report contains two types of alerts: if an alert is marked with a
red circle and an X, it's a critical problem that
will prevent setup from completing. These items, typically
incompatible software, must be dealt with before setup will continue.
The other type of alert is marked with a yellow triangle that, while
not requiring immediate attention, should be resolved soon. See Appendix B for additional issues.

The rest of the installation process should be fairly
straightforward. If you run into a problem, see Section A.1.5, later in this appendix.

A.1.2. Installation from DOS (or a Windows 9x/Me Boot Disk)

DOS (Disk
Operating System) is the now-obsolete, command-line based
operating system upon which Windows 9x and Windows Me were based. If
you need to install Windows XP on a new system, and you are unable to
boot off the CD, you can optionally install from DOS. Start by
creating a boot disk by going to Control Panel
Add/Remove Programs in
Windows 95, Windows 98, or Windows Me. Then, insert the floppy in
your A: drive, and power on your computer. If
it's a Windows 98 or Windows Me floppy, it should
contain all the necessary drivers for your CD drive; otherwise,
you'll need to obtain DOS drivers from the
manufacturer of your CD drive and install them according to the
included instructions.

When you get to the DOS prompt (A:\>), change
to your CD drive by typing D: or
E: (depending on the letter with which the drive
is installed), and then type \i386\winnt.exe to
start the DOS-based setup utility. The setup utility will copy the
necessary boot files to your hard disk, reboot your computer, and run
the same installer discussed in Section A.1, earlier in this appendix.

A.1.3. Setting Up a Dual-Boot System

Windows XP has
built-in support for a dual-boot system. With a
dual-boot
(or multiboot) setup, you can install multiple operating systems
side-by-side, and choose which one to use every time you start your
computer.

Why would you want to do this? If you rely on some software or
hardware that will not operate in Windows XP, you may wish to keep
your old OS around until another solution is found. Or, you may wish
to set up a dual-boot with Windows XP if you're not
certain if XP will meet your needs. That way, you
won't have to commit your system to XP until
you're sure it will do everything you need it to do.

The dual-boot feature (called the Boot Manager) is installed
automatically when you install Windows XP. If, at the end of the
installation, Windows XP is the only operating system on your
computer, it will boot automatically without giving you a choice.
Otherwise, you'll see a menu of installed operating
systems, from which you can choose the OS for the current session.

So, if you're installing Windows XP on a system with
another OS, such as Windows 9x/Me, Windows 2000/NT, Unix, Linux,
FreeBSD, or even NeXT, and you don't replace it with
Windows XP (instead, you choose a new installation in a different
directory or partition), you'll get a dual-boot
system without even trying.

The boot
manager of the last operating system installed is the one that will
be used. Some other operating systems, such as FreeBSD and Windows
2000, also have boot managers, and they can be installed at any time
(before or after XP). If, however, you want to set up a dual-boot
system with, say, Windows XP and Windows 98, you'll
need to install Windows 98 first, as neither Windows 9x nor Windows
Me have boot managers.

One word about the filesystem: Windows XP supports both the NTFS and
FAT32 filesystems. If you need to set up a dual-boot machine with
Windows 9x/Me and Windows XP, you'll need to use
FAT32 on any drives that you want to access from the older Windows,
as only Windows 2000, NT, and XP support NTFS.

A.1.4. Re-Installation over an Existing Windows XP Install

You may find yourself in a position in which
you'll need to reinstall Windows XP, either to solve
a configuration problem or to repair a damaged installation. The
procedure you choose depends on the current state of your computer.

If you're able to start Windows,
you'll definitely want to install from within
Windows. See Section A.1.1, earlier
in this appendix, for details.

Otherwise, you'll need to repair your current
installation by installing from the bootable CD (see Section A.1, earlier in this appendix)
or by using the Recovery Console (discussed later).

A.1.5. Potential Problems During Setup

Fully
documenting all
of the problems that could occur during the installation of Windows
XP would require a book ten times the size of this one. Luckily,
about 95 percnet of the problems you're likely to
encounter can be covered by the following tips:

• The most common thing that will cause a failed installation of
  Windows XP is an out-of-date
  BIOS. Fortunately,
  nearly all motherboards made in the last decade have
  software-upgradable flash BIOSes. Contact the manufacturer of your
  system or motherboard for any BIOS updates they have available, but
  don't bother unless a BIOS upgrade is absolutely
  necessary. (A failed BIOS upgrade will make your motherboard
  unusable.)

• Next to an incompatible BIOS, the most common stumbling block to
  Windows XP setup is your video card (display adapter). If
  setup stops with an unintelligible error message, hangs at a blank
  screen, or reboots unexpectedly during setup, your video card may be
  at fault. If replacing the video card permits Windows XP to install,
  your video card should be discarded (no pun intended). Note that many
  video cards have upgradable flash BIOSes (like your motherboard),
  although I've never seen an instance where a BIOS
  upgrade can solve this type of incompatibility.

• Windows XP is a little more touchy about improper hardware
  configurations than previous versions of Windows. If, for example,
  your
  memory (RAM) is not all the same
  rated speed, is not the correct type for your motherboard, or is
  malfunctioning in some way, it will prevent Windows XP from
  installing or running. Other potential problems include insufficient
  processor cooling, incorrect SCSI termination, improper jumpers on
  your IDE devices, bad cables, and even an older power supply.

• Windows XP attempts to install drivers for all of the hardware on
  your computer. If Setup crashes at the same point each time (towards
  the end of the process), try removing all extraneous devices
  (unneeded drives, cards, and external peripherals) until setup is
  complete.

• See Appendix B for additional tips involving
  hardware and software that will need to be updated or removed before
  you install Windows XP.

A.1.6. The Windows Recovery Console

Among the
growing pains that many users will experience when upgrading to
Windows XP is the complete abandonment of DOS. Now,
don't get me wrongI'm as
happy to see DOS disappear as anyone else, but DOS has always been
the reliable and easy-to-use last resort for repairing a Windows
9x/Me system. In Windows XP, you can't boot into DOS
because DOS isn't there. And if
you're using the NTFS filesystem (recommended for
most users), you won't be able to see your hard disk
at all if you boot off a DOS diskette.

Enter the Windows XP Recovery Console, the command-line based
troubleshooting and repair utility for Windows XP. Although it looks
like DOS (and the Command Prompt in Windows XP; see Chapter 6), some of the familiar Command Prompt
commands will not work, nor will you be able to start any DOS or
Windows programs. Instead, a small set of commands is used to
accomplish the following tasks:

• Copy, rename, delete, or replace operating system files.

• Enable or disable services or devices for the next time Windows is
  started.

• Repair the filesystem boot sector or the Master Boot Record (MBR).

• Create and format hard drive partitions.

There are two ways to start the Windows Recovery Console. If you
start Windows XP setup by booting off the CD, as described at the
beginning of this appendix, you'll be given an
option to load the Recovery Console. Since it's use
is rather limited, this option is probably suitable for most users.

The alternative is to install the Recovery Console on your hard disk.
This option, which will add it to the Boot Manager menu (see Section A.1.3, earlier in this appendix),
is useful if you find that you need the Recovery Console frequently
or you're unable to boot off a CD. Go to Start
Run and type the
following:

d:\i386\winnt32.exe /cmdcons

where d: is the drive letter of your CD
drive.

Using either method, once you boot to the Recovery Console,
you'll get the following message:

Windows NT(TM) Boot Console Command Interpreter.
WARNING:
This is a limited function command prompt intended only as a system 
recovery utility for advanced users. Using this utility incorrectly 
can cause serious system-wide problems that may require you to 
reinstall Windows to correct them.
Type 'exit' to leave the command prompt and reboot the system.
1: C:\WINDOWS
Which Windows installation would you like to logon to (enter to abort)?

Your options may be different. Choose 1, or whatever number
corresponds to the Windows installation you wish to repair, and log
in using your Administrator account and password. Once
you've logged in, you'll see a
Command Prompt-style interface, with which the following commands can
be used. Note that although similar to their Command Prompt
counterparts, the commands listed here are typically more limited, so
not all parameters documented elsewhere in this book will be
applicable in the Recovery Console.

attrib [+r|-r] [+a|-a] [+s|-s] [+h|-h] [ filename

]

Changes the attributes of a file or directory; see "Attrib" in Chapter 4. The /s and
/d parameters documented in Chapter 4 are not supported here.

batch filename [outputfile]

Runs a batch file (see Section 6.5
in Chapter 6), where
filename is the name of the batch file to
run, and outputfile is the name of an
optional file into which the output from the job is stored. Note that
you can't execute batch files simply by typing the
filename, as you can in the true Command Prompt.

bootcfg / command

Starts the Boot Manager configuration file
(boot.ini) configuration and recovery.
command can be any of the following:

add

Add a Windows installation as a new entry.

copy

Create a backup of the boot.ini configuration
file.

default

Set the default boot entry.

disableredirect

Disable redirection instigated by redirect.

list

Display the entries currently specified in
boot.ini.

rebuild

List all of the Windows installations, and rebuild the boot menu by
selectively adding entries. Note: it is recommended that you use
bootcfg/copy to backup
boot.ini before using
rebuild.

redirect [ port baudrate

| useBiosSettings]

Enable redirection of the boot loader output to the specified serial
port, using the specified baudrate. Alternately, specify
bootcfg /redirect
useBiosSettings to use the default COM port
settings in the system bios.

scan

Scan your hard disk for all Windows installations and display a list
of the results.

cd (or chdir) [ directory]

Displays the name of the current directory or changes the current
directory; see "cd or chdir" in
Chapter 6.

chkdsk [/p] [/r]

Checks a disk and displays a status report; see "Chkdsk" in Chapter 4.

cls

Clears the screen; see "cls"
in Chapter 6.

copy source

[ destination

]

Copies a single file to another location; see "copy" in Chapter 6.

del (or delete) filename

Deletes one or more files; see "del or erase" in Chapter 6.

dir filename

Displays a list of files and subdirectories in a directory; see "dir" in Chapter 6.

disable [ service

| device_driver

]

Disables a system service or a device driver. See
enable for details.

diskpart [/add | /delete] [ device

| drive

| partition

] [ size

]

Creates and deletes partitions on your hard drives.^[2] Omits all parameters to use the
interactive mode. Here's an example of creating a
partition by specifying device
(size is the size of the partition to
create, in megabytes):

^[2] This takes the place of FDISK, found in some earlier versions
of Windows.

diskpart /add \Device\HardDisk0 1500

Uses the map command to display all
devices. Here's an
example of deleting a partition, either by specifying
drive or by specifying
partition (respectively):

diskpart /delete g:
diskpart /delete \Device\HardDisk0\Partition3

enable service

| device_driver

[ startup_type

]

Starts or enables a system service or a device driver. Available
services and device drivers are listed with the
listsvc command.
startup_type can be
SERVICE_BOOT_START,
SERVICE_SYSTEM_START,
SERVICE_AUTO_START, or
SERVICE_DEMAND_START.

exit

Exits the Recovery Console and restarts your computer.

expand source

[/f :filename

] [ destination

] [/d] [/y]

Extracts a file from a compressed file; see "File Expansion Utility" in Chapter 4.

fixboot [ drive]

Writes a new partition boot sector onto the specified partition, in
which drive is the drive letter. Omit
drive to use the current partition. Use
this command if the partition boot sector has been damaged.

fixmbr [ device

]

Repairs the master boot record of the specified disk. Use the
map command to display the entries for
device. Omit
device to use the default boot device,
upon which your primary operating system is installed. Use this if
the boot record has been damaged, typically by a virus or a failed
installation of another operating system.

format [ drive

:] [/q] [/fs :filesystem

]

Formats a
disk; see "Format" in Chapter 4.

help

Displays a list of the commands you can use in the Recovery Console.

listsvc

Lists the services and drivers available on the computer, for use
with enable and disable.

logon

Logs on to a Windows installation. Note that only an administrator
can use the Recovery Console. Use logon to log
onto a different Windows installation without having to reboot and
re-enter the Recovery Console.

map

Displays the drive letter mappings, for use with several other
commands listed here.

md (or mkdir)
directory

Creates a directory; see "md or mkdir" in Chapter 6.

more filename

Displays a text file (similar to type) one page at
a time; see "more" in Chapter 6.

net use [ share_path

[/user :user

] password

] | [ drive

:] [/d]

Connects an unused drive letter, drive, to
a shared network folder, share_path. See
"Net" in Chapter 4 and Section 7.2.2.1 in Chapter 7.

ren (or rename) filename1 filename2

Renames a single file (wildcards * and
? are not supported here); see "ren or rename" in Chapter 6.

rd (or rmdir)
directory

Deletes a directory; see "rd or rmdir" in Chapter 6.

set [ variable

=[ string

]]

Displays and sets environment variables. Although it works much like
the set command discussed in Chapter 6, it allows you to display or modify only
these four environment variables (the default for all four is False):

AllowWildCards = True | False

Turn this on to allow wildcards in commands that support them, such
as del and copy.

AllowAllPaths = True | False

Turn this on to permit access to all directories, not just the
Windows directory.

AllowRemovableMedia = True | False

Turn this on to permit access to removable drives, such as CDs and
floppies.

NoCopyPrompt = True | False

Turn this on to disable the copy overwrite prompt.

systemroot

Changes the current directory (like

cd ) to the
"systemroot" directory, typically
c:\windows, of the operating system to which you
are currently logged on.

type filename

Displays a text file (similar to more);
see "type" in Chapter 6.