Windows.XP.in.a.Nutshell.1002005.2Ed [Electronic resources] نسخه متنی

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Windows.XP.in.a.Nutshell.1002005.2Ed [Electronic resources] - نسخه متنی

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2.5. Windows and Menus


Any
open window contains a frame with a series of standard decorations,
as shown in Figure 2-4. To move a window from one
place to another, click on the titlebar and drag.


Figure 2-4. The decorations of a standard window: titlebar, title buttons, menu, and a scrollable client area

Most types of
windows
are resizable, meaning that you can stretch them horizontally and
vertically to make them smaller or larger. Just grab an edge or a
corner and start dragging. There are two shortcuts that come in quite
handy: maximize and minimize. If you click
the maximize button (the middle button in
the cluster in the upper right of most windows), the window will be
resized to fill the screen. Maximized windows can't
be moved or resized. If you minimize a window (the left-most button
in the cluster), it is shrunk out of sight and appears only as a
button on the Taskbar. Minimizing is handy to get windows out of the
way without closing them.

Under certain circumstances, one or two

scrollbars
might appear along the bottom and far-right of a window. These allow
you to move the window's view so that you can see
all its contents. This behavior can be counterintuitive for new users
because moving the scrollbar in one direction will cause the
window's contents to move in the opposite direction.
Look at it this way: the scrollbar doesn't move the
contents; it moves the viewport. Imagine a very long document with
very small type. Moving the scrollbars is like moving a magnifying
glassif you move the glass down the document and look through
the magnifier, it looks like the document is moving up.

If multiple windows are open, only one window has the

focus

.
The window with the focus is usually (but not always) the one on top
of all the other windows, and it is usually distinguished by a border
and title that are different in some way from the rest, usually
appearing in a darker color. The window with the focus is the one
that responds to keystrokes, although any window will respond to
mouse clicks. To give any window the focus, just click on any visible
portion of it, and it will pop to the front. Be careful where you
click on the intended window, however, as the click may go further
than simply activating it (if you click on a button on a window that
doesn't have the focus, for example, it will not
only activate the window, but press the button as well).

There are two other ways to activate (assign the focus to) a window.
You can click on the Taskbar button that corresponds to the window
you wish to activate, and it will be brought to the front. If it is
minimized (shrunk out of sight), it will be brought back (restored)
to its original size. The other way is to hold the Alt key and press
Tab repeatedly, and then release Alt when the desired program icon is
highlighted.

Just as only one window can have the focus at any given time, only
one
control
(text field, button, checkbox, etc.) can have the focus at any given
time. Different controls show focus in different ways:

pushbuttons and checkboxes have a
dotted rectangle, for instance. A text field (edit box)
that has the focus will not be visually distinguished from the rest,
but it will be the only one with a blinking text cursor (insertion
point). To assign the focus to a different control, just click on it
or use the Tab key (hold Shift to go backwards).

Often, new and veteran users are confused and frustrated when they
try to type into a window and nothing happensthis is caused by
nothing more than the wrong window having the focus.
(I've seen skilled touch typists complete an entire
sentence without looking, only to realize that they forgot to click
first.) Even if the desired window is in front, the wrong control (or
even the menu) may have the focus.


If you frequently find yourself mistaking which window has the focus,
you can change the colors Windows uses to distinguish the active
window by going to Control Panel
Display
Appearance
Inactive Title Bar.

Some windows can be configured to be

Always on
Top

. This means that they will appear
above other windows, even if they don't have the
focus. Floating toolbars, the Taskbar, and some help screens are
common examples. If you have two windows that are Always on Top, they
behave the same as normal windows, since one can cover another if it
is activated, but both will always appear in their own
"layer" above all the normal
windows.

The
Desktop is also a special case. Although
it can have the focus, it will never appear above any other window.
To access something on the Desktop, you have two choices: minimize
all open windows by holding the Windows logo key (not on all keyboards) and
pressing the D key, or press the Show Desktop button on the Quick Launch
toolbar (discussed in Chapter 3) to temporarily
hide all running
applications.


Most windows have a menu bar, commonly
containing standard menu items like File, Edit, View, and Help, as
well as application-specific menus. Click on the menu title to drop
it down, and then click on an item in the menu to execute it. Any
menu item with a small black arrow that points to the right leads to
a secondary, cascading menu with more options.
Generally, menus drop down and cascading menus open to the right; if
there isn't room, Windows pops them in the opposite
direction. If you wish to cancel a menu, simply click anywhere
outside of the menu bar. See the next section,
"Keyboard Accelerators," for
details on navigating menus with keys.


One thing that is often perplexing to new Windows users is the
dynamic nature of its menus. For instance, menu items that appear
grayed are temporarily disabled. (For
example, some applications won't let you save if you
haven't made any changes.) Also common are
context-sensitive menus, which actually
change based on what you're doing or what is
selected.

Each window also has a

system menu hidden
behind the little icon on the left corner of the titlebar (see Item
12 in Figure 2-4). You can open the menu by
clicking on the little icon, by pressing Alt-space, or by
right-clicking on a button on the Taskbar. The System menu duplicates
the function of the maximize, minimize, and close buttons at the
right end of the titlebar, as well as the
resizing and
moving you can do with the mouse. Using this menu lets you move or
resize the window without the mouse (see Section 2.6, the next section, for
details.) The system menu for folder windows also behaves like the icons
for folder windows and can be a convenient way to delete an open
folder. Finally, the system menu for command-line applications (such
as the command prompt and Telnet) provides access to the clipboard
for cut, copy, and paste actions, as well as settings for the font
size and toolbar (if applicable).


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