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2.6. Keyboard Accelerators
Windows' primary
interface is graphical, meaning that you point and click to interact
with it. The problem is that repeated clicking can become very
cumbersome, especially for repetitive tasks. Luckily, Windows has an
extensive array of keyboard accelerators
(sometimes called keyboard
shortcuts or
hotkeys ) that provide a simple keyboard
alternative to almost every feature normally accessible with the
mouse. Some of these keyboard accelerators (such as F1 for help,
Ctrl-C to copy, and Ctrl-V to
paste) date back more than
twenty years and are nearly universal, while others are specific to
Windows XP or a given application.Appendix C gives a complete list of keyboard
accelerators. Some of the most important ones are described below:Menu
navigation
In any window that has a menu, press the Alt key
or the F10 key to activate the menu bar, and use the cursor (arrow)
keys to move around. Press Enter to activate the currently selected
item or Esc to cancel.You can also activate specific menus with the keyboard. When you
press Alt or F10, each menu item will have a single character that is
underlined (such the V in V iew); when you see
this character, it means you can press Alt-V (for example) to go
directly to that menu. Once that menu has opened, you can activate
any specific item pressing the corresponding key (such as D for
D etails)you don't even
need to press Alt this time. The abbreviated notation for this is
Alt-V+D (which means press Alt and V together, and then press D).
You'll notice that it's much faster
than using the mouse.The other way to activate specific menu items is to use the special
keyboard shortcuts shown to the right of each menu item (where
applicable). For example, open the Edit menu in most windows, and
you'll see that Ctrl-Z is a shortcut for Undo,
Ctrl-V is a shortcut for Paste, and Ctrl-A is a shortcut for Select
All. These are even faster than the navigation hotkeys described
above. A few notes: not all menu items have this type of keyboard
shortcut, and these shortcuts only work from within the application
that "owns" the menu.The special case is the Start menu, which can be activated by
pressing the Windows logo key (if your keyboard has one) or
Ctrl-Esc,
regardless of the active window. After that, it works pretty much
like any other menu.Note that once a menu has been activated, you can mix pointer clicks
and keystrokes. For example, you could pop up the Start menu with the
mouse, then type S for settings, and then click on
Control Panel. Or you could type Ctrl-Esc, and then click Shut Down.If there is a conflict and multiple items on a menu have the same
accelerator key, pressing the key repeatedly will cycle through the
options. You must press Enter when the correct menu item is
highlighted to actually make the selection.
Window manipulation without the mouse
The
system menu, described in the
previous section, facilitates the resizing and moving of windows with
the keyboard only. Press Alt-space
to open the active window's system menu, and then
choose the desired action. If you choose to move the window, the
mouse pointer will change to a little four-pointed arrow, which is
your cue to use the cursor (arrow) keys to do the actual moving.
Likewise, selecting Resize
will allow you to stretch any window edge using the cursor keys. In
either case, press Enter when you're happy with the
result, or press Esc to cancel the operation. If a window
can't be resized or minimized, for example, those
menu items will not be present. Note that system menus work just like
normal menus, so you could press Alt-space+M to begin moving a
window.
Editing
In most
applications, Ctrl-X will cut a selected item to an invisible
storage area called the
Clipboard, Ctrl-C
will copy it to the Clipboard, and Ctrl-V
will paste it into a new location. Using
the Delete key will simply erase the selection (or delete the file).
There is a single, system-wide clipboard shared by all applications.
This clipboard lets you copy something from a document in one program
and paste it into another document in another program. You can paste
the same data repeatedly until it's replaced on the
Clipboard by new data. See Chapter 3 for more
information on the Clipboard.
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Unlike Windows 9x/Me, simultaneously pressing the
Ctrl, Alt, and Del keys opens
the "Windows Security" window
rather than a shutdown dialog. The Windows Security window provides
access to several important features. The most useful is the Task
Manager, which, among other things, allows you to close crashed
applications. See Chapter 4 for details.
Alt-Tab and Alt-Esc
Both of these key combinations switch between open windows, albeit in different
ways. Alt-Tab pops up a little window with an icon representing each
running programshold Alt and press Tab repeatedly to move the
selection. Alt-Esc has no window; instead, it simply sends the active
window to the bottom of the pile and activates the next one in the
row. Note that Alt-Tab also includes minimized windows, but Alt-Esc
does not. If there's only one open window, neither
keystroke has any effect. Also, neither method activates the Start
menu (Ctrl-Esc) or the Desktop.
Tab and arrow keys
Within a window, Tab will move the focus
from one
control to the next;
use Shift-Tab to move backwards. A control may be a text field, a
drop-down list, a pushbutton, or any number of other controls. For
example, in a folder window, Tab will switch between the drop-down
list in the toolbar and the file display area. Use
arrow keys in either area to make a
new selection without moving the focus. Sometimes a dialog box will
have one or more regions, indicated by a rectangular box within the
dialog box. The arrow keys will cycle through buttons or fields only
within the current regions. Tab will cross region boundaries and
cycle through all the buttons or fields in the dialog box.If there's only one control, such as in a simple
folder window, Tab has no effect. In some applications, such as word
processors and spreadsheets, Tab is assigned to a different function
(such as indenting).
