Red Hat [Electronic resources] : The Complete Reference Enterprise Linux Fedora Edition؛ The Complete Reference نسخه متنی

Control Structures

You can control the execution of Linux commands in a shell script with control structures. Control structures allow you to repeat commands and to select certain commands over others. A control structure consists of two major components: a test and commands. If the test is successful, then the commands are executed. In this way, you can use control structures to make decisions as to whether commands should be executed.

There are two different kinds of control structures: loops and conditions. A loop repeats commands, whereas a condition executes a command when certain conditions are met. The BASH shell has three loop control structures:

while ,

for , and

for-in . There are two condition structures:

if and

case . The control structures have as their test the execution of a Linux command. All Linux commands return an exit status after they have finished executing. If a command is successful, its exit status will be 0. If the command fails for any reason, its exit status will be a positive value referencing the type of failure that occurred. The control structures check to see if the exit status of a Linux command is 0 or some other value. In the case of the

if and

while structures, if the exit status is a zero value, then the command was successful and the structure continues.

Test Operations

With the

test command, you can compare integers, compare strings, and even perform logical operations. The command consists of the keyword

test followed by the values being compared, separated by an option that specifies what kind of comparison is taking place. The option can be thought of as the operator, but it is written, like other options, with a minus sign and letter codes. For example,

-eq is the option that represents the equality comparison. However, there are two string operations that actually use an operator instead of an option. When you compare two strings for equality you use the equal sign,

= . For inequality you use

!= . Table 8-6 lists some of the commonly used options and operators used by

test . The syntax for the

test command is shown here:

test value -option value
test string = string

In the next example, the user compares two integer values to see if they are equal. In this case, you need to use the equality option,

-eq . The exit status of the

test command is examined to find out the result of the test operation. The shell special variable

$? holds the exit status of the most recently executed Linux command.

$ num=5
$ test $num -eq 10
$ echo $?
1

Instead of using the keyword

test for the

test command, you can use enclosing brackets. The command

test

$greeting

=

"hi" can be written as

$ [ $greeting = "hi" ]

Similarly, the test command

test

$num

-eq

10 can be written as

$ [ $num -eq 10 ]

The brackets themselves must be surrounded by white space: a space, TAB, or ENTER. Without the spaces, it would be invalid.

Conditional Control Structures

The BASH shell has a set of conditional control structures that allow you to choose what Linux commands to execute. Many of these are similar to conditional control structures found in programming languages, but there are some differences. The

if condition tests the success of a Linux command, not an expression. Furthermore, the end of an

if-then command must be indicated with the keyword

fi , and the end of a

case command is indicated with the keyword

esac . The condition control structures are listed in Table 8-7.

The

if structure places a condition on commands. That condition is the exit status of a specific Linux command. If a command is successful, returning an exit status of 0, then the commands within the

if structure are executed. If the exit status is anything other than 0, then the command has failed and the commands within the

if structure are not executed. The

if command begins with the keyword

if and is followed by a Linux command whose exit condition will be evaluated. The keyword

fi ends the command. The elsels script in the next example executes the

ls command to list files with two different possible options, either by size or with all file information. If the user enters an

s , files are listed by size; otherwise, all file information is listed.

elsels

echo Enter s to list file sizes,
echo       otherwise all file information is listed.
echo -n "Please enter option: "
read choice
if [  "$choice" = s  ]
then
        ls -s
    else
            ls -l
fi
echo Good-bye

A run of the program follows:

$ elsels
Enter s to list file sizes,
otherwise all file information is listed.
Please enter option: s
total 2
1 monday     2 today
$

Loop Control Structures

The

while loop repeats commands. A

while loop begins with the keyword

while and is followed by a Linux command. The keyword

do follows on the next line. The end of the loop is specified by the keyword

done . The Linux command used in

while structures is often a test command indicated by enclosing brackets.

The

for-in structure is designed to reference a list of values sequentially. It takes two operands—a variable and a list of values. The values in the list are assigned one by one to the variable in the

for-in structure. Like the

while command, the

for-in structure is a loop. Each time through the loop, the next value in the list is assigned to the variable. When the end of the list is reached, the loop stops. Like the

while loop, the body of a

for-in loop begins with the keyword

do and ends with the keyword

done . The cbackup script makes a backup of each file and places it in a directory called sourcebak. Notice the use of the

* special character to generate a list of all filenames with a .c extension.

cbackup

for backfile in *.c
do
cp $backfile sourcebak/$backfile
 echo $backfile
done

A run of the program follows:

$ cbackup
io.c
lib.c
main.c
$

The

for structure without a specified list of values takes as its list of values the command line arguments. The arguments specified on the command line when the shell file is invoked become a list of values referenced by the

for command. The variable used in the

for command is set automatically to each argument value in sequence. The first time through the loop, the variable is set to the value of the first argument. The second time, it is set to the value of the second argument.