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13.5 X and the Shell
You can configure your system to
boot into nongraphical mode, if you prefer. If your video adapter is
not compatible with X, you have no alternative but to do so. However,
some Linux users prefer to configure their system to boot into
nongraphical mode. A simple command lets such users launch an X
session whenever they wish.
13.5.1 Configuring a Nongraphical Login
Linux provides several
runlevels. Each
runlevel has an associated set of
services. For instance, runlevel 3 is associated with a text-based
login and run level 5 is associated with an X-based, graphical login.
Changing runlevels automatically starts and stops services associated
with the old and new run levels.
You can determine the current runlevel by issuing the following
command:
$ runlevel
The output of the command shows the previous and current runlevels.
For example, the output:
3 5
indicates that the current run level is 5 and that the previous run
level was 3.
To change the current runlevel, issue the init command. For example, to enter runlevel
3, issue the following command while logged in as
root:
# init 3
In response to this command, the system will start and stop services
as required to enter runlevel 3.
The /etc/inittab file specifies the default runlevel, which
the system enters when booted. By changing the default run level to
3, you can configure your system to provide a nongraphical login when
it boots. To do so, log in as root and load the
/etc/ inittab file into the
pico editor by issuing the command:
# pico /etc/inittab
Find the line that reads:
id:5:initdefault:
Change the 5 to a 3:
id:3:initdefault:
Save the file and exit pico. The next time you
boot your system, it will automatically enter runlevel 3 and provide
a nongraphical login screen.
13.5.2 Starting and Stopping X from a Text-Based Login
To start X from a text-based login, type
the command:
$ startx
Your system's screen should briefly go blank and
then you should see X's graphical desktop.
 | If the screen is garbled or remains blank for more than about 30 seconds, your X configuration may be faulty. Immediately turn off your monitor or terminate X by pressing Ctrl-Alt-Backspace. |
Ctrl-Alt-Backspace. This is a
somewhat abrupt way of exiting X. Depending on the X configuration,
you may be able to right-click the desktop and select Exit from the
pop-up menu. This method is less abrupt than pressing Ctrl-Alt-Backspace, but it still falls short
of ideal.
