Appendix I: SQL-Reserved Keywords - SQL Bible [Electronic resources] نسخه متنی

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Appendix I: SQL-Reserved Keywords


Overview


With a limited vocabulary, SQL is a relatively efficient language (compared with many other programming languages); the SQL99 standard defines about 300 keywords out of which vendors have thus far implemented only a small subset.

Oracle 9i lists over 100 keywords, IBM DB2 UDB has over 290 keywords, and Microsoft SQL Server 2000 reserves over 170 keywords. Most of the vendor-reserved keywords are found in the SQL99 standard, but many more exist. None of these reserved words should be used as a variable identifier as such use would affect portability of your SQL code. On some systems, doing so will generate an error (SQLSTATE 42939).

Asterisks appear after the vendor-supported keywords whenever they also are part of SQL standard.





Note

In addition to keywords listed here, each vendor also has a list of keywords reserved for future use. These lists are constantly updated. Refer to the particular RDBMS documentation.


SQL99 standard reserved keywords:














































































































































































































































































































ABSOLUTE


CASE


CURRENT_TIMESTAMP


ACTION


CAST


CURRENT_USER


ADD


CATALOG


CURSOR


ADMIN


CHAR


CYCLE


AFTER


CHARACTER


DATA


AGGREGATE


CHECK


DATALINK


ALIAS


CLASS


DATE


ALL


CLOB


DAY


ALLOCATE


CLOSE


DEALLOCATE


ALTER


COLLATE


DEC


AND


COLLATION


DECIMAL


ANY


COLUMN


DECLARE


ARE


COMMIT


DEFAULT


ARRAY


COMPLETION


DEFERRABLE


AS


CONDITION


DELETE


ASC


CONNECT


DEPTH


ASSERTION


CONNECTION


DEREF


AT


CONSTRAINT


DESC


AUTHORIZATION


CONSTRAINTS


DESCRIPTOR


BEFORE


CONSTRUCTOR


DIAGNOSTICS


BEGIN


CONTAINS


DICTIONARY


BINARY


CONTINUE


DISCONNECT


BIT


CORRESPONDING


DO


BLOB


CREATE


DOMAIN


BOOLEAN


CROSS


DOUBLE


BOTH


CUBE


DROP


BREADTH


CURRENT


END-EXEC


BY


CURRENT_DATE


EQUALS


CALL


CURRENT_PATH


ESCAPE


CASCADE


CURRENT_ROLE


EXCEPT


CASCADED


CURRENT_TIME


EXCEPTION


EXECUTE


INPUT


MODIFIES


EXIT


INSERT


MODIFY


EXPAND


INT


MODULE


EXPANDING


INTEGER


MONTH


FALSE


INTERSECT


NAMES


FIRST


INTERVAL


NATIONAL


FLOAT


INTO


NATURAL


FOR


IS


NCHAR


FOREIGN


ISOLATION


NCLOB


FREE


ITERATE


NEW


FROM


JOIN


NEXT


FUNCTION


KEY


NO


GENERAL


LANGUAGE


NONE


GET


LARGE


NORMALIZE


GLOBAL


LAST


NOT


GOTO


LATERAL


NULL


GROUP


LEADING


NUMERIC


GROUPING


LEAVE


OBJECT


HANDLER


LEFT


OF


HASH


LESS


OFF


HOUR


LEVEL


OLD


IDENTITY


LIKE


ON


IF


LIMIT


ONLY


IGNORE


LOCAL


OPEN


IMMEDIATE


LOCALTIME


OPERATION


IN


LOCALTIME-STAMP


OPTION


INDICATOR


LOCATOR


OR


INITIALIZE


LOOP


ORDER


INITIALLY


MATCH


ORDINALITY


INNER


MEETS


OUT


INOUT


MINUTE


OUTER


EXECUTE


INPUT


MODIFIES


EXIT


INSERT


MODIFY


EXPAND


INT


MODULE


EXPANDING


INTEGER


MONTH


FALSE


INTERSECT


NAMES


FIRST


INTERVAL


NATIONAL


FLOAT


INTO


NATURAL


FOR


IS


NCHAR


FOREIGN


ISOLATION


NCLOB


FREE


ITERATE


NEW


FROM


JOIN


NEXT


FUNCTION


KEY


NO


GENERAL


LANGUAGE


NONE


GET


LARGE


NORMALIZE


GLOBAL


LAST


NOT


GOTO


LATERAL


NULL


GROUP


LEADING


NUMERIC


GROUPING


LEAVE


OBJECT


HANDLER


LEFT


OF


HASH


LESS


OFF


HOUR


LEVEL


OLD


IDENTITY


LIKE


ON


IF


LIMIT


ONLY


IGNORE


LOCAL


OPEN


IMMEDIATE


LOCALTIME


OPERATION


IN


LOCALTIME-STAMP


OPTION


INDICATOR


LOCATOR


OR


INITIALIZE


LOOP


ORDER


INITIALLY


MATCH


ORDINALITY


INNER


MEETS


OUT


INOUT


MINUTE


OUTER


USAGE


VARYING


WITH


USER


VIEW


WRITE


USING


WHEN


YEAR


VALUE


WHENEVER


ZONE


VALUES


WHERE


VARIABLE


WHILE


Oracle 9i SQL reserved keywords:




















































































































ACCESS


DELETE *


INTO *


ADD *


DESC *


IS *


ALL *


DISTINCT *


LEVEL *


ALTER *


DROP *


LIKE *


AND *


ELSE *


LOCK


ANY *


EXCLUSIVE


LONG


AS *


EXISTS


MAXEXTENTS


ASC *


FILE


MINUS


AUDIT


FLOAT *


MLSLABEL


BETWEEN *


FOR *


MODE


BY *


FROM *


MODIFY *


CHAR *


GRANT *


NOAUDIT


CHECK *


GROUP *


NOCOMPRESS


CLUSTER


HAVING *


NOT *


COLUMN *


IDENTIFIED


NOWAIT


COMMENT


IMMEDIATE *


NULL *


COMPRESS


IN *


NUMBER


CONNECT *


INCREMENT


OF *


CREATE *


INDEX


OFFLINE


CURRENT *


INITIAL


ON *


DATE *


INSERT *


ONLINE


DECIMAL *


INTEGER *


OPTION *


DEFAULT *


INTERSECT *


OR*


ORDER *


SESSION *


UNION *


PCTFREE


SET *


UNIQUE *


PRIOR *


SHARE


UPDATE *


PRIVILEGES *


SIZE *


USER *


PUBLIC *


SMALLINT *


VALIDATE


RAW *


START *


VALUES *


RENAME


SUCCESSFUL


VARCHAR *


RESOURCE


SYNONYM


VARCHAR2


REVOKE *


SYSDATE


VIEW *


ROW *


TABLE *


WHENEVER *


ROWID


THEN *


WHERE *


ROWNUM


TO *


WITH *


ROWS *


TRIGGER *


SELECT *


UID


IBM DB2 UDB 8.1 reserved keywords:








































































































































































































































































































ACQUIRE


AUX


CAST *


ADD *


AUXILIARY


CCSID


AFTER *


AVG


CHAR *


ALIAS *


BD2GENERAL


CHARACTER *


ALL *


BEFORE *


CHECK *


ALLOCATE *


BEGIN *


CLOSE *


ALLOW


BETWEEN


CLUSTER


ALTER *


BINARY *


COLLECTION


AND *


BUFFERPOOL


COLLID


ANY *


BY *


COLUMN *


AS *


CALL *


COMMENT


ASC *


CALLED


COMMIT *


ASUTIME


CAPTURE


CONCAT


AUDIT


CASCADED *


CONDITION *


AUTHORISATION *


CASE *


CONNECT *


CONNECTION *


DESCRIPTOR *


FOREIGN *


CONSTRAINT *


DETERMINISTIC


FREE *


CONTAINS *


DISALLOW


FROM *


CONTINUE *


DISCONNECT *


FULL


COUNT


DISTINCT


FUNCTION *


COUNT_BIG


DO *


GENERAL *


CREATE *


DOUBLE *


GENERATED


CROSS *


DROP *


GO


CURRENT *


DSSIZE


GOTO *


CURRENT_DATE *


DYNAMIC


GRANT


CURRENT_LC_PATH


EDITPROC


GRAPHIC


CURRENT_PATH


ELSE


GROUP *


CURRENT_SERVER


ELSEIF


HANDLER *


CURRENT_TIME *


END


HAVING


CURRENT_TIMESTAMP *


END-EXEC


HOUR *


CURRENT_TIMEZONE


ERASE


HOURS


CURRENT_USER *


ESCAPE *


IDENTIFIED


CURSOR *


EXCEPT *


IF *


DATA *


EXCEPTION *


IMMEDIATE *


DATABASE


EXCLUSIVE


IN *


DATE *


EXECUTE *


INDEX


DAY *


EXISTS


INDICATOR *


DAYS


EXIT *


INNER *


DB2SQL


EXPLAIN


INOUT *


DBA


EXTERNAL


INSENSITIVE


DBINFO


FENCED


INSERT *


DBSPACE


FETCH


INTEGRITY


DECLARE


FIELDPROC


INTERSECT *


DEFAULT *


FILE


INTO *


DELETE *


FINAL


IS *


DESC *


FOR *


ISOBID


ISOLATION *


NHEADER


POSITION


JAVA


NO *


PRECISION


JOIN *


NODENAME


PREPARE *


KEY *


NODENUMBER


PRIMARY *


LABEL


NOT *


PRIQTY


LANGUAGE *


NULL *


PRIVATE


LC_TYPE


NULLS


PRIVILEGES *


LEAVE *


NUMPARTS


PROCEDURE *


LEFT *


OBID


PROGRAM


LIKE *


OF *


PSID


LINKTYPE


ON *


PUBLIC *


LOCAL *


ONLY


QUERYNO


LOCALE


OPEN *


READ *


LOCATOR *


OPTIMIZATION


READS *


LOCATORS


OPTIMIZE


RECOVERY


LOCK


OPTION *


REFERENCES *


LOCKSIZE


OR *


RELEASE


LONG


ORDER *


RENAME


LOOP *


OUT *


REPEAT *


MAX


OUTER *


RESET


MICROSECOND


PACKAGE


RESOURCE


MICROSECONDS


PAGE


RESTRICT *


MIN


PAGES


RESULT *


MINUTE *


PARAMETER


RETURN *


MINUTES


PART


RETURNS *


MODE


PARTITION


REVOKE *


MODIFIES *


PATH


RIGHT *


MONTH *


PCTINDEX


ROLLBACK *


MONTHS


PCTREE


ROW *


NAME


PIECESIZE


ROWS *


NAMED


PLAN


RRN


RUN


STOGROUP


UPDATE *


SCHEDULE


STORES


USAGE *


SCHEMA *


STORPOOL


USER *


SCRATCHPAD


STYLE


USING *


SECOND *


SUBPAGES


VALIDPROC


SECONDS


SUBSTRING


VALUES *


SECQTY


SUM *


VARIABLE *


SECURITY


SYNONYM


VARIANT


SELECT *


TABLE *


VCAT


SET *


TABLESPACE


VIEW *


SHARE


THEN *


VOLUMES


SIMPLE


TO *


WHEN *


SOME


TRANSACTION *


WHERE *


SOURCE


TRIGGER *


WHILE *


SPECIFIC *


TRIM


WITH *


SQL *


TYPE


WLM


STANDARD


UNDO *


WORK


STATIC


UNION *


WRITE *


STATISTICS


UNIQUE *


YEAR *


STAY


UNTIL *


YEARS


Microsoft SQL Server 2000 reserved keywords:



















































































































































































ADD *


BEGIN *


CHECKPOINT


ALL *


BETWEEN *


CLOSE *


ALTER *


BREAK


CLUSTERED


AND *


BROWSE


COALESCE


ANY *


BULK


COLLATE *


AS *


BY *


COLUMN *


ASC *


CASCADE *


COMMIT *


AUTHORIZATION *


CASE *


COMPUTE


BACKUP


CHECK *


CONSTRAINT *


CONTAINS *


END *


INDEX


CONTAINSTABLE


ERRLVL


INNER *


CONTINUE *


ESCAPE


INSERT *


CONVERT


EXCEPT *


INTERSECT *


CREATE *


EXEC


INTO *


CROSS *


EXECUTE *


IS *


CRRENT_TIME *


EXISTS


JOIN *


CURREN *T


EXIT *


KEY *


CURRENT_DATE *


FETCH


KILL


CURRENT_TIMESTAMP *


FILE


LEFT *


CURRENT_USER *


FILLFACTOR


LIKE


CURSOR *


FOR *


LINENO


DATABASE


FOREIGN *


LOAD


DBCC


FREETEXT


NATIONAL *


DEALLOCATE *


FREETEXTTABLE


NOCHECK


DECLARE *


FROM *


NONCLUSTERED


DEFAULT *


FULL


NOT *


DELETE *


FUNCTION *


NULL *


DENY


GOTO *


NULLIF


DESC *


GRANT *


OF *


DISK


GROUP *


OFF *


DISTINCT *


HAVING


OFFSETS


DISTRIBUTED


HOLDLOCK


ON *


DOUBLE *


IDENTITY *


OPEN *


DROP *


IDENTITY_COL


OPENDATASOURCE


DUMMY


IDENTITY_INSERT


OPENQUERY


DUMP


IF *


OPENROWSET


ELSE *


IN *


OPENXML


OPTION *


RETURN *


TOP


OR *


REVOKE *


TRAN


ORDER *


RIGHT *


TRANSACTION *


OUTER *


ROLLBACK *


TRIGGER *


OVER


ROWCOUNT


TRUNCATE


PERCENT


ROWGUIDCOL


TSEQUAL


PLAN


RULE


UNION *


PRECISION *


SAVE


UNIQUE *


PRIMARY *


SCHEMA *


UPDATE *


PRINT *


SELECTSESSION_USER


UPDATETEXT


PROC


*


USE


PROCEDURE *


SET *


USER *


PUBLIC *


SETUSER


VALUES *


RAISERROR


SHUTDOWN


VARYING *


READ *


SOME


VIEW *


READTEXT


STATISTICS


WAITFOR


RECONFIGURE


SYSTEM_USER *


WHEN *


REFERENCES *


TABLE *


WHERE *


REPLICATION


TEXTSIZE


WHILE *


RESTORE


THEN *


WITH *


RESTRICT *


TO *


WRITETEXT


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