THE ART OF COMPUTER VIRUS RESEARCH AND DEFENSE [Electronic resources] نسخه متنی

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THE ART OF COMPUTER VIRUS RESEARCH AND DEFENSE [Electronic resources] - نسخه متنی

Peter Szor

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  • Acknowledgments

    Contact Information

    Part I. STRATEGIES OF THE ATTACKER

    Chapter 1. Introduction to the Games of Nature

    Section 1.1. Early Models of Self-Replicating Structures

    Section 1.2. Genesis of Computer Viruses

    Section 1.3. Automated Replicating Code: The Theory and Definition of Computer Viruses

    References

    Chapter 2. The Fascination of Malicious Code Analysis

    Section 2.1. Common Patterns of Virus Research

    Section 2.2. Antivirus Defense Development

    Section 2.3. Terminology of Malicious Programs

    Section 2.4. Other Categories

    Section 2.5. Computer Malware Naming Scheme

    Section 2.6. Annotated List of Officially Recognized Platform Names

    References

    Chapter 3. Malicious Code Environments

    Section 3.1. Computer Architecture Dependency

    Section 3.2. CPU Dependency

    Section 3.3. Operating System Dependency

    Section 3.4. Operating System Version Dependency

    Section 3.5. File System Dependency

    Section 3.6. File Format Dependency

    Section 3.7. Interpreted Environment Dependency

    Section 3.8. Vulnerability Dependency

    Section 3.9. Date and Time Dependency

    Section 3.10. JIT Dependency: Microsoft .NET Viruses

    Section 3.11. Archive Format Dependency

    Section 3.12. File Format Dependency Based on Extension

    Section 3.13. Network Protocol Dependency

    Section 3.14. Source Code Dependency

    Section 3.15. Resource Dependency on Mac and Palm Platforms

    Section 3.16. Host Size Dependency

    Section 3.17. Debugger Dependency

    Section 3.18. Compiler and Linker Dependency

    Section 3.19. Device Translator Layer Dependency

    Section 3.20. Embedded Object Insertion Dependency

    Section 3.21. Self-Contained Environment Dependency

    Section 3.22. Multipartite Viruses

    Section 3.23. Conclusion

    References

    Chapter 4. Classification of Infection Strategies

    Section 4.1. Boot Viruses

    Section 4.2. File Infection Techniques

    Section 4.3. An In-Depth Look at Win32 Viruses

    Section 4.4. Conclusion

    References

    Chapter 5. Classification of In-Memory Strategies

    Section 5.1. Direct-Action Viruses

    Section 5.2. Memory-Resident Viruses

    Section 5.3. Temporary Memory-Resident Viruses

    Section 5.4. Swapping Viruses

    Section 5.5. Viruses in Processes (in User Mode)

    Section 5.6. Viruses in Kernel Mode (Windows 9x/Me)

    Section 5.7. Viruses in Kernel Mode (Windows NT/2000/XP)

    Section 5.8. In-Memory Injectors over Networks

    References

    Chapter 6. Basic Self-Protection Strategies

    Section 6.1. Tunneling Viruses

    Section 6.2. Armored Viruses

    Section 6.3. Aggressive Retroviruses

    References

    Chapter 7. Advanced Code Evolution Techniques and Computer Virus Generator Kits

    Section 7.1. Introduction

    Section 7.2. Evolution of Code

    Section 7.3. Encrypted Viruses

    Section 7.4. Oligomorphic Viruses

    Section 7.5. Polymorphic Viruses

    Section 7.6. Metamorphic Viruses

    Section 7.7. Virus Construction Kits

    References

    Chapter 8. Classification According to Payload

    Section 8.1. No-Payload

    Section 8.2. Accidentally Destructive Payload

    Section 8.3. Nondestructive Payload

    Section 8.4. Somewhat Destructive Payload

    Section 8.5. Highly Destructive Payload

    Section 8.6. DoS (Denial of Service) Attacks

    Section 8.7. Data Stealers: Making Money with Viruses

    Section 8.8. Conclusion

    References

    Chapter 9. Strategies of Computer Worms

    Section 9.1. Introduction

    Section 9.2. The Generic Structure of Computer Worms

    Section 9.3. Target Locator

    Section 9.4. Infection Propagators

    Section 9.5. Common Worm Code Transfer and Execution Techniques

    Section 9.6. Update Strategies of Computer Worms

    Section 9.7. Remote Control via Signaling

    Section 9.8. Intentional and Accidental Interactions

    Section 9.9. Wireless Mobile Worms

    References

    Chapter 10. Exploits, Vulnerabilities, and Buffer Overflow Attacks

    Section 10.1. Introduction

    Section 10.2. Background

    Section 10.3. Types of Vulnerabilities

    Section 10.4. Current and Previous Threats

    Section 10.5. Summary

    References

    Part II. STRATEGIES OF THE DEFENDER

    Chapter 11. Antivirus Defense Techniques

    Section 11.1. First-Generation Scanners

    Section 11.2. Second-Generation Scanners

    Section 11.3. Algorithmic Scanning Methods

    Section 11.4. Code Emulation

    Section 11.5. Metamorphic Virus Detection Examples

    Section 11.6. Heuristic Analysis of 32-Bit Windows Viruses

    Section 11.7. Heuristic Analysis Using Neural Networks

    Section 11.8. Regular and Generic Disinfection Methods

    Section 11.9. Inoculation

    Section 11.10. Access Control Systems

    Section 11.11. Integrity Checking

    Section 11.12. Behavior Blocking

    Section 11.13. Sand-Boxing

    Section 11.14. Conclusion

    References

    Chapter 12. Memory Scanning and Disinfection

    Section 12.1. Introduction

    Section 12.2. The Windows NT Virtual Memory System

    Section 12.3. Virtual Address Spaces

    Section 12.4. Memory Scanning in User Mode

    Section 12.5. Memory Scanning and Paging

    Section 12.6. Memory Disinfection

    Section 12.7. Memory Scanning in Kernel Mode

    Section 12.8. Possible Attacks Against Memory Scanning

    Section 12.9. Conclusion and Future Work

    References

    Chapter 13. Worm-Blocking Techniques and Host-Based Intrusion Prevention

    Section 13.1. Introduction

    Section 13.2. Techniques to Block Buffer Overflow Attacks

    Section 13.3. Worm-Blocking Techniques

    Section 13.4. Possible Future Worm Attacks

    Section 13.5. Conclusion

    References

    Chapter 14. Network-Level Defense Strategies

    Section 14.1. Introduction

    Section 14.2. Using Router Access Lists

    Section 14.3. Firewall Protection

    Section 14.4. Network-Intrusion Detection Systems

    Section 14.5. Honeypot Systems

    Section 14.6. Counterattacks

    Section 14.7. Early Warning Systems

    Section 14.8. Worm Behavior Patterns on the Network

    Section 14.9. Conclusion

    References

    Chapter 15. Malicious Code Analysis Techniques

    Section 15.1. Your Personal Virus Analysis Laboratory

    Section 15.2. Information, Information, Information

    Section 15.3. Dedicated Virus Analysis on VMWARE

    Section 15.4. The Process of Computer Virus Analysis

    Section 15.5. Maintaining a Malicious Code Collection

    Section 15.6. Automated Analysis: The Digital Immune System

    References

    Chapter 16. Conclusion

    Further Reading

    Index

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  • 8.3. Nondestructive Payload


    Almost half of all computer viruses belong to this class. Many computer viruses simply display a message on the screen when they activate. Several such examples are given in previous chapters of this book. Virus writers and malicious code authors are often politically motivated. The WANK1 worm was a typical example of this. This worm was released on the SPAN network on October 16, 1989. The worm replaced the system banner, displaying the message shown in Figure 8.1 when a user logged in on a DEC system.

    Figure 8.1. Message released from worm.

    [View full size image]

    Other computer viruses, such as W95/Marburg, have graphical payloads. When Marburg activates, the virus loads the standard IDI_HAND (0x7F01) icon resource, which is used in case of serious error messages, and puts it on the desktop. Finally, it draws up to 256 icons at random positions on the desktop. (See Figure 8.2.)

    Figure 8.2. The activation routine of the W95/Marburg virus.

    [View full size image]

    Windows 95 will slowly redraw the desktop area when new windows are moved, causing Marburg's icons to disappear; however, the virus will draw new icons all over again.

    Marburg is less annoying than old DOS viruses such as Cascade, which caused the characters to "fall down" to the bottom of the screen in a cascading effect, with some little noise in the background using the PC's speaker.

    Other computer viruses have built-in animations that are displayed when triggered. The Hungarian DOS virus, GF6mb (HH&H), displays an impressive 3D bouncing ball.

    Probably one of the most infamous people in this category is the French virus writer, Spanska, author of the IDEA virus, which displays several animations, including the one shown in Figure 8.3. All viruses written by Spanska belong to the nondestructive payload category.

    Figure 8.3. The activation routine of Spanska's IDEA virus.

    Spanska's most infamous animation is displayed by W32/SKA (also known as the Happy99 worm and discussed in Chapters 3, "Malicious Code Environments" and 9, "Strategies of Computer Worms"). Some viruses are even interactive and play a game with the user. The Playgame virus is an example2.3 virus, written by the Spanish virus writer, Sandman. (See Figure 8.4.)

    Figure 8.4. The activation routine of the W95/Haiku virus.

    W95/Haiku also connects to 206.132.185.167 (


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