1.10. Time ValuesSection 2.5.4.)When we measure the execution time of a process, as in Section 3.9, we'll see that the UNIX System maintains three values for a process:
The clock time, sometimes called wall clock time , is the amount of time the process takes to run, and its value depends on the number of other processes being run on the system. Whenever we report the clock time, the measurements are made with no other activities on the system.The user CPU time is the CPU time attributed to user instructions. The system CPU time is the CPU time attributed to the kernel when it executes on behalf of the process. For example, whenever a process executes a system service, such as read or write, the time spent within the kernel performing that system service is charged to the process. The sum of user CPU time and system CPU time is often called the CPU time .It is easy to measure the clock time, user time, and system time of any process: simply execute the time(1) command, with the argument to the time command being the command we want to measure. For example:$ cd /usr/include $ time -p grep _POSIX_SOURCE */*.h > /dev/null real 0m0.81s user 0m0.11s sys 0m0.07s The output format from the time command depends on the shell being used, because some shells don't run /usr/bin/time, but instead have a separate built-in function to measure the time it takes commands to run.In Section 8.16, we'll see how to obtain these three times from a running process. The general topic of times and dates is covered in Section 6.10. |
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