Advanced Programming in the UNIX Environment: Second Edition [Electronic resources] نسخه متنی

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Advanced Programming in the UNIX Environment: Second Edition [Electronic resources] - نسخه متنی

W. Richard Stevens; Stephen A. Rago

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Praise for Advanced Programming in the UNIX® Environment, Second Edition

Praise for the First Edition

Addison-Wesley Professional Computing Series

Changes from the First Edition

Acknowledgments

Preface to the First Edition

Organization of the Book

Examples in the Text

Systems Used to Test the Examples

Acknowledgments

Chapter 1. UNIX System Overview

Section 1.1. Introduction

Section 1.2. UNIX Architecture

Section 1.3. Logging In

Section 1.4. Files and Directories

Section 1.5. Input and Output

Section 1.6. Programs and Processes

Section 1.7. Error Handling

Section 1.8. User Identification

Section 1.9. Signals

Section 1.10. Time Values

Section 1.11. System Calls and Library Functions

Section 1.12. Summary

Chapter 2. UNIX Standardization and Implementations

Section 2.1. Introduction

Section 2.2. UNIX Standardization

Section 2.3. UNIX System Implementations

Section 2.4. Relationship of Standards and Implementations

Section 2.5. Limits

Section 2.6. Options

Section 2.7. Feature Test Macros

Section 2.8. Primitive System Data Types

Section 2.9. Conflicts Between Standards

Section 2.10. Summary

Chapter 3. File I/O

Section 3.1. Introduction

Section 3.2. File Descriptors

Section 3.3. open Function

Section 3.4. creat Function

Section 3.5. close Function

Section 3.6. lseek Function

Section 3.7. read Function

Section 3.8. write Function

Section 3.9. I/O Efficiency

Section 3.10. File Sharing

Section 3.11. Atomic Operations

Section 3.12. dup and dup2 Functions

Section 3.13. sync, fsync, and fdatasync Functions

Section 3.14. fcntl Function

Section 3.15. ioctl Function

Section 3.16. /dev/fd

Section 3.17. Summary

Chapter 4. Files and Directories

Section 4.1. Introduction

Section 4.2. stat, fstat, and lstat Functions

Section 4.3. File Types

Section 4.4. Set-User-ID and Set-Group-ID

Section 4.5. File Access Permissions

Section 4.6. Ownership of New Files and Directories

Section 4.7. access Function

Section 4.8. umask Function

Section 4.9. chmod and fchmod Functions

Section 4.10. Sticky Bit

Section 4.11. chown, fchown, and lchown Functions

Section 4.12. File Size

Section 4.13. File Truncation

Section 4.14. File Systems

Section 4.15. link, unlink, remove, and rename Functions

Section 4.16. Symbolic Links

Section 4.17. symlink and readlink Functions

Section 4.18. File Times

Section 4.19. utime Function

Section 4.20. mkdir and rmdir Functions

Section 4.21. Reading Directories

Section 4.22. chdir, fchdir, and getcwd Functions

Section 4.23. Device Special Files

Section 4.24. Summary of File Access Permission Bits

Section 4.25. Summary

Chapter 5. Standard I/O Library

Section 5.1. Introduction

Section 5.2. Streams and FILE Objects

Section 5.3. Standard Input, Standard Output, and Standard Error

Section 5.4. Buffering

Section 5.5. Opening a Stream

Section 5.6. Reading and Writing a Stream

Section 5.7. Line-at-a-Time I/O

Section 5.8. Standard I/O Efficiency

Section 5.9. Binary I/O

Section 5.10. Positioning a Stream

Section 5.11. Formatted I/O

Section 5.12. Implementation Details

Section 5.13. Temporary Files

Section 5.14. Alternatives to Standard I/O

Section 5.15. Summary

Chapter 6. System Data Files and Information

Section 6.1. Introduction

Section 6.2. Password File

Section 6.3. Shadow Passwords

Section 6.4. Group File

Section 6.5. Supplementary Group IDs

Section 6.6. Implementation Differences

Section 6.7. Other Data Files

Section 6.8. Login Accounting

Section 6.9. System Identification

Section 6.10. Time and Date Routines

Section 6.11. Summary

Chapter 7. Process Environment

Section 7.1. Introduction

Section 7.2. main Function

Section 7.3. Process Termination

Section 7.4. Command-Line Arguments

Section 7.5. Environment List

Section 7.6. Memory Layout of a C Program

Section 7.7. Shared Libraries

Section 7.8. Memory Allocation

Section 7.9. Environment Variables

Section 7.10. setjmp and longjmp Functions

Section 7.11. getrlimit and setrlimit Functions

Section 7.12. Summary

Chapter 8. Process Control

Section 8.1. Introduction

Section 8.2. Process Identifiers

Section 8.3. fork Function

Section 8.4. vfork Function

Section 8.5. exit Functions

Section 8.6. wait and waitpid Functions

Section 8.7. waitid Function

Section 8.8. wait3 and wait4 Functions

Section 8.9. Race Conditions

Section 8.10. exec Functions

Section 8.11. Changing User IDs and Group IDs

Section 8.12. Interpreter Files

Section 8.13. system Function

Section 8.14. Process Accounting

Section 8.15. User Identification

Section 8.16. Process Times

Section 8.17. Summary

Chapter 9. Process Relationships

Section 9.1. Introduction

Section 9.2. Terminal Logins

Section 9.3. Network Logins

Section 9.4. Process Groups

Section 9.5. Sessions

Section 9.6. Controlling Terminal

Section 9.7. tcgetpgrp, tcsetpgrp, and tcgetsid Functions

Section 9.8. Job Control

Section 9.9. Shell Execution of Programs

Section 9.10. Orphaned Process Groups

Section 9.11. FreeBSD Implementation

Section 9.12. Summary

Chapter 10. Signals

Section 10.1. Introduction

Section 10.2. Signal Concepts

Section 10.3. signal Function

Section 10.4. Unreliable Signals

Section 10.5. Interrupted System Calls

Section 10.6. Reentrant Functions

Section 10.7. SIGCLD Semantics

Section 10.8. Reliable-Signal Terminology and Semantics

Section 10.9. kill and raise Functions

Section 10.10. alarm and pause Functions

Section 10.11. Signal Sets

Section 10.12. sigprocmask Function

Section 10.13. sigpending Function

Section 10.14. sigaction Function

Section 10.15. sigsetjmp and siglongjmp Functions

Section 10.16. sigsuspend Function

Section 10.17. abort Function

Section 10.18. system Function

Section 10.19. sleep Function

Section 10.20. Job-Control Signals

Section 10.21. Additional Features

Section 10.22. Summary

Chapter 11. Threads

Section 11.1. Introduction

Section 11.2. Thread Concepts

Section 11.3. Thread Identification

Section 11.4. Thread Creation

Section 11.5. Thread Termination

Section 11.6. Thread Synchronization

Section 11.7. Summary

Chapter 12. Thread Control

Section 12.1. Introduction

Section 12.2. Thread Limits

Section 12.3. Thread Attributes

Section 12.4. Synchronization Attributes

Section 12.5. Reentrancy

Section 12.6. Thread-Specific Data

Section 12.7. Cancel Options

Section 12.8. Threads and Signals

Section 12.9. Threads and fork

Section 12.10. Threads and I/O

Section 12.11. Summary

Chapter 13. Daemon Processes

Section 13.1. Introduction

Section 13.2. Daemon Characteristics

Section 13.3. Coding Rules

Section 13.4. Error Logging

Section 13.5. Single-Instance Daemons

Section 13.6. Daemon Conventions

Section 13.7. ClientServer Model

Section 13.8. Summary

Chapter 14. Advanced I/O

Section 14.1. Introduction

Section 14.2. Nonblocking I/O

Section 14.3. Record Locking

Section 14.4. STREAMS

Section 14.5. I/O Multiplexing

Section 14.6. Asynchronous I/O

Section 14.7. readv and writev Functions

Section 14.8. readn and writen Functions

Section 14.9. Memory-Mapped I/O

Section 14.10. Summary

Chapter 15. Interprocess Communication

Section 15.1. Introduction

Section 15.2. Pipes

Section 15.3. popen and pclose Functions

Section 15.4. Coprocesses

Section 15.5. FIFOs

Section 15.6. XSI IPC

Section 15.7. Message Queues

Section 15.8. Semaphores

Section 15.9. Shared Memory

Section 15.10. ClientServer Properties

Section 15.11. Summary

Chapter 16. Network IPC: Sockets

Section 16.1. Introduction

Section 16.2. Socket Descriptors

Section 16.3. Addressing

Section 16.4. Connection Establishment

Section 16.5. Data Transfer

Section 16.6. Socket Options

Section 16.7. Out-of-Band Data

Section 16.8. Nonblocking and Asynchronous I/O

Section 16.9. Summary

Chapter 17. Advanced IPC

Section 17.1. Introduction

Section 17.2. STREAMS-Based Pipes

Section 17.3. UNIX Domain Sockets

Section 17.4. Passing File Descriptors

Section 17.5. An Open Server, Version 1

Section 17.6. An Open Server, Version 2

Section 17.7. Summary

Chapter 18. Terminal I/O

Section 18.1. Introduction

Section 18.2. Overview

Section 18.3. Special Input Characters

Section 18.4. Getting and Setting Terminal Attributes

Section 18.5. Terminal Option Flags

Section 18.6. stty Command

Section 18.7. Baud Rate Functions

Section 18.8. Line Control Functions

Section 18.9. Terminal Identification

Section 18.10. Canonical Mode

Section 18.11. Noncanonical Mode

Section 18.12. Terminal Window Size

Section 18.13. termcap, terminfo, and curses

Section 18.14. Summary

Chapter 19. Pseudo Terminals

Section 19.1. Introduction

Section 19.2. Overview

Section 19.3. Opening Pseudo-Terminal Devices

Section 19.4. pty_fork Function

Section 19.5. pty Program

Section 19.6. Using the pty Program

Section 19.7. Advanced Features

Section 19.8. Summary

Chapter 20. A Database Library

Section 20.1. Introduction

Section 20.2. History

Section 20.3. The Library

Section 20.4. Implementation Overview

Section 20.5. Centralized or Decentralized?

Section 20.6. Concurrency

Section 20.7. Building the Library

Section 20.8. Source Code

Section 20.9. Performance

Section 20.10. Summary

Chapter 21. Communicating with a Network Printer

Section 21.1. Introduction

Section 21.2. The Internet Printing Protocol

Section 21.3. The Hypertext Transfer Protocol

Section 21.4. Printer Spooling

Section 21.5. Source Code

Section 21.6. Summary

Appendix A. Function Prototypes

Appendix B. Miscellaneous Source Code

Section B.1. Our Header File

B.2 Standard Error Routines

Appendix C. Solutions to Selected Exercises

توضیحات

افزودن یادداشت جدید

3.2. File Descriptors

To the kernel, all open files are referred to by file descriptors. A file descriptor is a non-negative integer. When we open an existing file or create a new file, the kernel returns a file descriptor to the process. When we want to read or write a file, we identify the file with the file descriptor that was returned by open or creat as an argument to either read or write.

Figure 2.10.) Early historical implementations of the UNIX System had an upper limit of 19, allowing a maximum of 20 open files per process, but many systems increased this limit to 63.

With FreeBSD 5.2.1, Mac OS X 10.3, and Solaris 9, the limit is essentially infinite, bounded by the amount of memory on the system, the size of an integer, and any hard and soft limits configured by the system administrator. Linux 2.4.22 places a hard limit of 1,048,576 on the number of file descriptors per process.