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11.4 Frame Contents
A frame document contains no displayable
content, except perhaps a message for non-frames-enabled browsers.
Instead, <frame> tags inside the one or more
<frameset> tags (which encapsulate the
contents of a frame document) provide URL references to the
individual documents that occupy each frame. [<noframes>]
11.4.1 The <frame> Tag
The <frame> tag
appears only within a <frameset>. Use it to
set, via its associated src attribute, the URL of
the document content that initially gets displayed inside the
respective frame.
<frame>Function: Defines a single frame in a <frameset> Attributes: bordercolor (  , ), class,frameborder, id, longdesc, marginheight, marginwidth, name, noresize, scrolling, src, style, title End tag: </frame>; rarely included in HTML Contains: Nothing Used in: frameset_content |
from left to right, and then row by row, from top to bottom.
Accordingly, the sequence and number of
<frame> tags inside the
<frameset> tag are important.
The browser displays empty frames for
<frame> tags that do not have
src attributes. It also displays empty frames if
the <frameset> tag calls for more frames
than the corresponding <frame> tags define;
for instance, if your frame document calls for three columns and you
provide only five frames. Orphan frames remain empty, and you cannot
put content into them later, even if they have a target
name or id for display
redirection. [Section 11.4.1.2]
11.4.1.1 The src attribute
The value of the src
attribute for the <frame> tag is the URL of
the document that is to be displayed in the frame. There is no other
way to provide content for a frame. You shouldn't,
for instance, include any <body> content
within the frame document; the browser ignores the frame tags and
displays just the contents of a <body> tag
if it comes first, or vice versa.
The document referenced by the src attribute may
be any valid document or any displayable object, including images and
multimedia. In particular, the referenced document may itself be
composed of one or more frames. The frames are displayed within the
referencing frame, providing yet another way of achieving complex
layouts using nested frames.
Since the source may be a complete document, all the features of
HTML/XHTML apply within a frame, including backgrounds and colors,
tables, fonts, and the like. Unfortunately, this also means that
multiple frames in a single browser window may conflict with each
other. Specifically, if each nested frame document (not a regular
HTML or XHTML document) has a different
<title> tag, the title of the overall
browser window is the title of the most recently loaded frame
document. The easiest way to avoid this problem is to ensure that all
related frame documents use the same title.
11.4.1.2 The name and id attributes
The optional name
attribute for the <frame> tag labels that
frame for later reference by a target attribute
for the hypertext link anchor (<a>) tag and
the <form> tag. This way, you can alter the
contents of a frame using a link in another frame. Otherwise, like
normal browser windows, hypertext-linked documents replace the
contents of the source frame. We discuss names and targets at greater
length later in this chapter. [Section 11.7.1]
Similarly, the id attribute uniquely identifies a
frame, but the browsers do not support its use for target
redirection, even though they do support
id's use as a hyperlink target in
many other HTML and XHTML tags.
The value of the name or id
attribute is a text string enclosed in quotation marks.
11.4.1.3 The noresize attribute
Even though you may
explicitly set frame dimensions with attributes in the
<frameset> tag, users can manually alter the
size of a column or row of frames. To suppress this behavior, add the
noresize attribute to the frame tags in the row or
column whose relative dimensions you do not want users fiddling with.
For example, for a two-by-two frame document, a
noresize attribute in any one of the four
associated frame tags effectively freezes the relative proportions of
all the frames.
The noresize attribute is especially useful for
frames that contain fixed images serving as advertisements, a button
bar, or a logo. By fixing the size of the frame to contain just the
image and setting the noresize attribute, you
guarantee that the image is displayed in the intended manner and that
the remainder of the browser window is always given over to the other
frames in the document.
11.4.1.4 The scrolling attribute
The browser displays
vertical and horizontal scrollbars with frames whose contents are
larger than the allotted window space. If there is sufficient room
for the content, the scrollbars disappear. The
scrolling attribute for the
<frame> tag gives you explicit control over
whether the scrollbars appear or disappear.
With scrolling="yes", Internet Explorer, but not
Netscape, adds scrollbars to the designated frame even if there is
nothing to scroll. If you set the scrolling
attribute value to no, scrollbars are never added
to the frame, even if the frame contents are larger than the frame
itself. The value auto, supported only by
Netscape, works as if you didn't include the
scrolling attribute in the tag; Netscape adds
scrollbars only as needed. To achieve auto
behavior in Internet Explorer, simply omit the
scrolling attribute altogether.
11.4.1.5 The marginheight and marginwidth attributes
The browser normally places a
small amount of space between the edge of a frame and its contents.
You can change those margins with the marginheight
and marginwidth attributes, each including a value
for the exact number of pixels to place around the
frame's contents.
You cannot make a margin less than 1 pixel or make it so large that
there is no room for the frame's contents.
That's because, like most other HTML attributes,
these advise they do not dictate to the browser. If your
desired margin values cannot be accommodated, the browser ignores
them and renders the frame as best it can.
11.4.1.6 The frameborder and bordercolor attributes
You
can add or remove borders from a single frame with the
frameborder attribute. Values of
yes or 1 and
no or 0 respectively enable or
disable borders for the frame and override the value of the
frameborder attribute for any frameset containing
the frame.
Note that the browsers do react somewhat differently to border
specifications. Netscape, for instance, removes an individual border
only if adjacent frames sharing that border have borders turned off.
Internet Explorer, on the other hand, removes those adjacent borders,
but only if they are not explicitly turned on in those adjacent
frames. Our advice is to explicitly control the borders for each
frame if you want to consistently control the borders for all frames
across both browsers.
With the popular browsers, you also can change the color of the
individual frame's borders with the
bordercolor attribute. Use a color name or
hexadecimal triple as its value. If two adjacent frames have
different bordercolor attributes, the resulting
border color is undefined. You can find a complete list of color
names and values in Appendix G.
11.4.1.7 The title and longdesc attributes
Like
most other standard tags, you can provide a title for a frame with
the title attribute. The value of the attribute is
a quote-enclosed string that describes the contents of the frame.
Browsers might display the title, for instance, when the mouse passes
over the frame.
If the title attribute isn't
quite enough for you, the longdesc attribute can
be used. Its value is the URL of a document that describes the frame.
Presumably, this long description might be in some alternative media,
suitable for use by a nonvisual browser.
