لطفا منتظر باشید ...
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml11/DTD/xhtml11.dtd">
Implementing, Managing, and Troubleshooting Disk DevicesStorage needs for computers have changed significantly over time. You could feed the data of hundreds of computers from just 10 years ago into a single computer today and still not fill its hard disk. Part of the reason is that today's data is much different than that of 10 years ago. It includes multimedia files, extended attributes, complex formulas, and WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get) formatting. The result is that the size of a single file can be hundreds of megabytes (MB) or larger. So, although storage space has grown, the demand for storage space has increased along with it.To implement storage devices in Windows XP, you use the Computer Management tool, shown in Figure 7.1. To open Computer Management, right-click My Computer and select Manage from the shortcut menu. Computer Management offers the following tools and utilities:
Installing, Configuring, and Managing DVD and CD-ROM DevicesObjective:Implement, manage, and troubleshoot disk devices.
CD-ROM drives are SCSI, also ensure that the SCSI ID of the device does not conflict with any other SCSI IDs, the SCSI ID of the controller is set to 7, and the SCSI bus has been terminated correctly. If using IDE, ensure that you are using the correct IDE controller. (Windows XP's default IDE device driver is compatible with ATAPI 1.2compliant IDE devices only. If the device is not ATAPI 1.2 compliant, obtain a driver from the OEM and install it.) After you determine that the device is installed correctly and is listed in the Windows Catalog, you should look in Event Viewer for error messages. The System log contains the events pertaining to hardware devices. As you can see in Figure 7.2, error messages are represented by a red circle with a white "X" in the center. Information messages are represented by a balloon with a blue "I" in the center, and warning messages are represented by a yellow triangle with an exclamation mark in the center. Although not always true, an error is often preceded by one or more warning messages. A series of warning and error messages can describe the exact source of the problem, or at least point you in the right direction. Figure 7.2. Event Viewer's System log displays any errors or warnings regarding hardware devices.[View full size image]  Figure 7.3. Device Manager provides several options for managing a computer's devices.[View full size image]  Figure 7.4. Windows XP includes a Troubleshoot button in a device's Properties dialog box. Figure 7.5. The Help and Support troubleshooting wizard walks you through a decision tree to pinpoint the cause of failure.Installing, Configuring, and Troubleshooting a Video Adapter" section later in this chapter.The Properties tab can be used to troubleshoot an array of challenging problems. Table 7.1 displays common problems, and the responses that you can use to troubleshoot them.include the following:
NoteSource of CD/DVD error messages The messages in the previous list are from the "How to Troubleshoot CD-ROM or DVD-ROM Read Issues" Web page at http://support.microsoft.com/default.aspx?scid=kb;en-us;218617. This Web page is a valuable reference for CD/DVD troubleshooting.The computer may also stop responding and does not eject the CD when there is an error reading the disc in the CD drive.Exam AlertKnow how to perform a clean boot Know when to perform a clean boot, as well as the process to do so. You can customize how Windows XP Professional starts up by clicking Start, Run, typing msconfig in the Open text box, and pressing Enter. Select Diagnostic Startup and then reboot. You may want to simply disable a selection of applications and services, in which case you can use the Selective Startup option and disable the items you want in the resulting dialog box. You can keep this configuration for several reboots, if you need to. After your final reboot, you can restart Windows XP normally by returning to the System Configuration utility (Msconfig.exe), selecting the Normal Startup option, and then rebooting a final time. Monitoring and Configuring DisksObjective:Implement, manage, and troubleshoot disk devices.
Disk Management, basic disk to a dynamic disk but you cannot change back. Your only avenue to reverting to a basic disk is by deleting the dynamic disk, losing the data, creating a new basic volume, and restoring the data from a backup.The process to convert a basic disk to a dynamic disk requires that you have a minimum of 1MB of available space on the disk. Best practices state that when you make changes to a disk configuration, you should back up the data before starting, just in case you need to restore it after you are finished. Even so, converting a basic disk to a dynamic disk should not have any effect on your data. Step by Step 7.1 walks you through converting a basic disk to a dynamic disk. To perform a conversion, you must be logged on as an administrator of the computer.
When you use fault-tolerant volumes, a disk can fail and the operating system will continue to function. The failure can be repaired with no loss of data. Most Windows XP Professional workstations do not have fault-tolerant volumes. An administrator should understand how to handle the errors that can plague a hard disk. Common partition is marked as active but does not contain boot files | Copy Ntldr, Ntdetect.com, and Boot.ini to the boot volume using Windows Recovery Console. | |
| Boot up with a floppy. Use FDISK to mark the boot volume as active. | ||
| Missing Operating System | No active partition is defined | Check the BIOS settings and configure if they incorrectly identify the boot disk. |
| Boot up with a floppy. Use Diskpart.exe to mark the boot volume as active. | ||
| Use Windows XP Recovery Console to repair. | ||
| Reinstall Windows XP. | ||
| Non-System Disk or Disk Error | Basic Input Output System (BIOS) generates this error when the master boot record (MBR) or boot sector is damaged, or when a different device is configured as the boot device in the BIOS | Check the BIOS and reconfigure, if necessary. |
| Remove any non-bootable floppy disks from the PC. | ||
| Repair the boot volume with Windows Recovery Console. | ||
| Reinstall Windows XP. | ||
| Replace the hard disk. | ||
| Invalid Media Type | Boot sector is damaged | Repair the boot volume with Windows Recovery Console. |
| Reinstall Windows XP. | ||
| Replace the hard disk. | ||
| Hard disk controller failure | BIOS's disk controller configuration is invalid, or the hard disk controller has failed | Check the BIOS and reconfigure controller. |
| Replace the hard disk controller. |
Monitoring, Configuring, and Troubleshooting Volumes
Objective:Implement, manage, and troubleshoot disk devices.
- Monitor, configure, and troubleshoot volumes.
When you convert dynamic volume is a unit of storage initially created from the free space on one or more disks. RAID-5 volume.
- The disk does not contain partitions or logical drives, and therefore can't be read by another operating system.
- Laptop computers do not support dynamic disks, nor do USB drives or removable disk drives.
CautionRAID-5 and mirrored volumes Don't confuse the RAID-5 or mirrored volumes that you can create within the Windows XP operating system with RAID-5 or mirrored drives that are configured in a hardware storage array. A disk array produces a highly performing, fault-tolerant volume that appears in Windows XP Disk Management as a simple volume. When you create mirrored or RAID-5 volumes in Windows XP, you achieve fault tolerance but lose some performance to disk management processes, especially if a disk fails.When you add a new disk to an existing Windows XP Professional computer, or when you want to create a new partition (also known as a basic volume) from the free space on an existing disk, you can follow the process shown in Step by Step 7.2.
Step by Step: 7.2 Using Disk Management to Create a New Partition
|
Figure 7.6. A volume's properties displays its space allocation.
The Hardware tab logical drive or partition easily from within the Disk Management utility. Simply right-click the logical drive and select Delete Logical Drive from the shortcut menu, as depicted in Figure 7.7. If you right-click a partition, the shortcut menu includes Delete Partition instead of Delete Logical Drive. A prompt appears to verify that you want to have the logical drive or partition deleted. When you click Yes, Windows XP deletes the drive or partition. Windows XP prevents you from deleting the system partition, the boot partition, or any partition that contains its swap file for active paging. Extended partitions can be deleted only if they are empty of data and logical drives.
Figure 7.7. The Disk Management utility enables you to delete a partition or logical drive.
[View full size image]
Step by Step: 7.3 Using Disk Management to Configure Dynamic Volumes
|
- Healthy This status is normal, and means that the volume is accessible and operating properly.
- Failed This status means that the operating system could not start the volume normally. Failed usually means that the data is lost because the disk is damaged or the file system is corrupted. To repair a failed volume, physically inspect the computer to see whether the physical disk is operating. Ensure that the underlying disk(s) has an Online status in Disk Management.
- Formatting This status is temporary, appearing only while the volume is being formatted.
- Unknown This status means that you've installed a new disk and have not created a disk signature, or that the boot sector for the volume is corrupt, possibly because of a virus. You can attempt to repair this error by initializing the underlying disk by right-clicking the disk and selecting Initialize from the shortcut menu.
- Data Incomplete This status appears when a disk has been moved into or out of a multi-disk volume. Data is destroyed unless all the disks are moved and imported on the new computer.
- Healthy (At Risk) This status indicates I/O errors have been detected on an underlying disk of the volume, but that data can still be accessed. The underlying disk probably shows a status of Online (Errors) and must be brought back online for the volume to be corrected.
- Data Not Redundant or Failed Redundancy For a mirrored or RAID-5 volume, this status usually means that half of a mirrored volume was imported, or that half is unavailable, or that only part of the underlying disks of a RAID-5 volume were imported. You should import the missing disk(s) to re-create the volume. You can also break the mirror and retain the half that is functioning as a simple volume. If you have all but one of the underlying disks of a RAID-5 volume, you can re-create the RAID-5 volume by adding unallocated space of a different disk.
- Stale Data This status is shown when you import a disk that contains a mirrored volume half, or a portion of a RAID-5 volume, with a status other than Healthy before it was moved. You can return the disk to the original PC and rescan the disk to fix the error.
When you see a status other than Healthy for your volumes, or other than Online for your disks, you can attempt to repair by selecting the Rescan Disks option from the Action menu in Disk Management.
ChallengeYou have been tasked with installing a Windows XP Professional computer with two identical SCSI 100GB hard disks, a 120GB hard disk, and a 200GB hard disk. The computer is used for a business-critical database application in which users download data from a network database and then process the data into reports that are archived for up to 12 months. It is imperative that a disk does not fail during the report generation process. You need to create a single volume that will provide the maximum amount of space across the disks. You decide to implement a striped disk with parity, using the Diskpart.exe utility.Your task is to convert a basic disk to a dynamic disk, using Diskpart.exe, and then use the Diskpart.exe tool to create a striped volume. Keep in mind that you can perform both tasks with either the Diskpart.exe tool or the Disk Management utility as described in Step by Step 7.3. Try to work through the required steps on your own. If you have difficulty, refer to the following steps:
|
Monitoring and Configuring Removable Media, Such as Tape Devices
Objective:Implement, manage, and troubleshoot disk devices.
- Monitor and configure removable media, such as tape devices.
Backup systems are notoriously never used for workstations, yet often that is where a user's most business-critical data resides. Any removable media can work for a backup system. With the proliferation of CD-RW and DVD writable discs, you could implement a backup system using those types of discs. Traditionally, making a tape backup is the practice used.In Computer Management, there is a utility specifically geared toward tape drives, optical media drives, and CD-RW drives. It is called Removable Storage. To access this utility, right-click My Computer and select Manage. In the resulting Computer Management console, click Removable Storage in the left pane. You see the screen shown in Figure 7.8.
Figure 7.8. The Removable Storage window enables you to manage backup devices.
primary partition that is the full size of the media. You usually cannot create an additional partition, extended partition, logical drive, or any type of dynamic volume. However, if the media does not have a primary partition, you can generate one.An ordinary user does not have the rights required for backing up a Windows XP computer. You must add the user, at a minimum, to the Backup Operators group for the user to be able to create a media library and then perform backups.Many portable backup devices connect to a computer's parallel port and are often the backup device of choice for a workstation. A problem occurs when the computer's parallel port is configured as a bidirectional port, Enhanced Parallel Port (EPP), or an Extended Capabilities Port (ECP) because Windows XP does not support these port types for a backup device. To resolve this issue, you must go into the computer's BIOS and return the parallel port to standard, unenhanced behavior.Any backup device, whether or not it is Plug and Play, can be installed on a computer running Windows XP as long as the device is listed in the Windows Catalog. To install a backup device, you must first install the device physically in the computer while it is off, and then boot the computer. Log on as an administrator-level user on the computer so that you have the rights to install a new device driver. You should then allow Windows XP to attempt to detect the drive.Plug and Play devices are simple to install. When Windows XP initially installs, Windows XP Setup performs an inventory of the devices on the computer and records them in the registry. Later, when you add a device, Windows XP detects the new device and determines that it is not a member of the existing inventory of hardware. Windows XP finds the Plug and Play ID for the device and compares it to the INF files that contain information about device drivers. If the device's Plug and Play ID is found, a compatible driver is available within Windows XP, and it installs with very little, if any, user input. If the device is not found in the INF files, the Found New Hardware Wizard starts and requests the media that contains the OEM's driver.When the device is not Plug and Play, you need to open Control Panel and start the Add New Hardware Wizard. Some devices do require a specific installation procedure that is proprietary to the manufacturer. The manufacturer's documentation should provide the installation method if it differs from that of Windows XP.
Review BreakYou should have an understanding of the following fundamentals after having read the previous portion of this chapter:
|
![[View full size image]](/image/library/english/13790_07fig01_alt.jpg;389354){kind=link}
![[View full size image]](/image/library/english/13790_07fig02_alt.jpg;389354){kind=link}
![[View full size image]](/image/library/english/13790_07fig03_alt.jpg;389354){kind=link}
![[View full size image]](/image/library/english/13790_07fig07_alt.jpg;389354){kind=link}