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Linux [Electronic resources] - نسخه متنی

Janet Valade

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Table of Contents

spring into series

YOUR OPINION IS IMPORTANT TO US!

From the Series Editor

Who Should Read This Book?

How Is This Book Organized?

What''s Unusual About This Book?

Who Helped Me Write This Book?

About the Author

About the Series Editor

Chapter 1. Understanding Open Source Software

Open Source Software

Open Source License

Linux Is Open Source Software

Chapter 2. Choosing a Linux Distribution

Distribution Contents

Other Distributions

Chapter 3. Getting Ready to Install Linux

Hardware Requirements

Hardware Compatibility

Purchasing Linux

Downloading Linux

Planning Your Computer System

Running Linux with Windows

Examining Your Hard Drive

Making Room for Linux During Installation

Making Room for Linux Before Installation

Booting from the CD or from a Floppy

Chapter 4. Installation

Installation Overview

Starting the Fedora Installation Procedure

Collecting Hardware Information for Fedora

Selecting the Installation Type for Fedora

Selecting Where to Install Fedora

Collecting Network Information for Fedora

Languages and Time Zone for Fedora

Creating the Root Account for Fedora

Selecting Packages to Install on Fedora

Installing the Fedora System

Starting the Mandrake Installation Procedure

Collecting Information for Mandrake

Selecting Packages to Install on Mandrake

Installing the Mandrake System

Creating Accounts for Mandrake

Configuration Summary for Mandrake

Finishing Mandrake Installation

Starting the SuSE Installation Procedure

Configuration Settings for SuSE

Selecting Packages to Install on SuSE

Installing the SuSE System

Configuring the Installed SuSE System

Finishing SuSE Installation

Chapter 5. Interacting with Linux

The Graphical User Interface on Linux

The Command-Line Interface on Linux

Choosing the Interface

Chapter 6. Using Your Desktop

Your First Login

Anatomy of a Desktop

KDE and GNOME Desktops

Working on the Desktop

Configuring the Desktop

Changing the KDE Background

Changing the GNOME Background

Setting the Screen Saver

Organizing the Desktop

Changing the Panel Location and Size

Configuring Multiple Virtual Desktops

Chapter 7. Using the Command Line

Entering Commands

Entering a Single Command

Command-Line Syntax

Redirecting Input and Output

Running Commands in the Background

Editing the Command Line

Command-Line Help

Some Useful Commands

The sort Command

The grep Command

Configuring the Terminal Window

Chapter 8. Linux Accounts

Account Information

Adding Accounts

Group Information

Forgotten Root Password

Chapter 9. File Management

File Organization

File Information

Examining Files from the Desktop

Examining Files from the Command Line

File Permissions

Changing Permissions

Managing Owners and Groups

Creating Directories, Files, and Links

Copying, Renaming, and Moving Files

Viewing and Editing Text Files

Deleting Files and Directories

Chapter 10. Applications and Programs

Managing Application Software

Installing from the Distribution CDs

Installing from the Distribution Web Site

Finding Packages on the Internet

Installing Packages Using RPM

Installing Packages from Source Code

Chapter 11. Word Processing

Creating a Document

Menus and Toolbars

Using Templates

Creating Templates

Editing Document Contents

Tables and Columns

Graphics in Documents

Document File Formats

Tracking Changes

Chapter 12. Spreadsheets

Creating a Spreadsheet

Menus and Toolbars

Formatting Cells

Formatting Pages

Editing the Spreadsheet Content

Formulas and Functions

Saving and Printing

Chapter 13. Graphics

Graphics File Formats

Viewing Graphics Files

Scanning Documents

Presentation Graphics

Digital Cameras

Diagramming with Dia

Drawing with OpenOffice Draw

Creating and Opening Images in the GIMP

The GIMP Toolbox

Changing Image Size in GIMP

Removing Elements from an Image in GIMP

Adding Elements to an Image in the GIMP

Working with Layers in the GIMP

Chapter 14. Printing

Installing Your Printer on Fedora

Installing Your Printer on Other Distributions

Managing Print Jobs

Chapter 15. The Internet

Accessing the Internet

Hardware for Accessing the Internet

Checking Your Network Connections

Adding a Dial-Up Network Connection

Adding a Broadband Network Connection

Browsing with Mozilla

Mozilla Menus and Toolbars

The Mozilla Sidebar

Tabbed Browsing in Mozilla

Controlling Pop-Ups with Mozilla

Downloads, Forms, Passwords, and Cookies

Chapter 16. Multimedia

Configuring Your Sound Card

Playing Audio CDs

Downloading Music

Listening to Radio

Copying Music Files from CD to Hard Disk

Chapter 17. Email, Messaging, and News

Setting Up an Email Account

Configuring Mozilla Email

Reading Email in Mozilla

Sending Email in Mozilla

Mozilla Message Filters

Creating a Message Filter in Mozilla

Mozilla Address Book

Adding and Editing Address Cards

Instant Messaging

Signing Up for AIM

Signing Up for MSN Messenger

Signing On with Gaim

IM Conversations

Chapter 18. Editing Text Files

Opening a File in Kate

Editing in Kate

Kate Features for Programmers

Opening a File in vi

Editing and Saving Files with vi

Moving Around a File in vi

vi Editing Commands

Sample vi Editing Session

Chapter 19. Shell Scripts

A Simple Shell Script

The Basics of Variables and Arrays

Reading Data into Variables

Special Characters and Quotes

Testing Conditions

Case Statements

While Loops and Until Loops

Scheduling Scripts to Run Automatically

A Sample Script

Appendix A. Regular Expressions

Match a Single Character ( . ) (?)

Specify the Location (^) ($)

Group Characters ( () )

Match One of a Set of Literal Characters ( [ ] )

Exclude a Set of Literal Characters ( [^ ] )

Match a String of Characters (+) (*) ( { n} )

Match One of Alternate Literal Strings ( ( | ) )

Using Regular Expressions

Appendix B. Command Reference

basename (display filename only)

bunzip2 (decompress bz2 files)

bzcat (display bz2 files)

bzip2 (compress files)

bzip2recover (recover bzip2 files)

cal (displays a calendar)

cat (display files)

cdage (change password expiration)

chgrp (change group)

chmod (change permissions)

chown (change owner)

clear (clear the screen)

cmp (compare files)

colrm (remove columns from a text file)

comm (compare two sorted text files)

cp (copy files)

crontab (schedule commands)

date (displays date and time)

df (display disk space)

diff (compare two text files)

diff3 (compare 3 text files, merges files)

dir (list filenames)

du (display disk usage)

echo (display text)

env (display and set environmental variables)

file (display file type)

find (find files)

finger (display user information)

fold (break lines at a specified column)

ftp (transfer files)

gawk (process text)

grep (find text in files)

groupadd (add a group)

groupdel (delete a group)

groups (show groups)

gunzip (uncompress gzip file)

gzip (compress files)

info (display online documentation)

less (display file one page at a time)

lpq (check print queue)

lprm (remove a job from the print queue)

ls (list filenames)

man (display manual page)

merge (merge 3 files)

mkdir (create a new directory)

more (display files to screen)

mv (move or rename a file)

passwd (change password)

pwd (show current directory)

quota (show disk usage)

rename (rename series of files)

rm (delete files)

rmdir (remove directories)

sed (edits text files)

sort (sort contents of a file)

tar (copy files into or restore files from an archive file)

touch (update access and modification date)

uniq (remove duplicate lines)

unset (remove an environmental variable)

useradd (add accounts)

userdel (remove account)

w (display system information)

wc (count characters, words, and lines)

who (display users who are logged in)

whoami (display current user)

توضیحات

افزودن یادداشت جدید

KDE and GNOME Desktops

The two most popular desktops, KDE and GNOME, are discussed in this book. KDE and GNOME look very similar. Figure 6-4 shows the KDE and GNOME desktops provided by Fedora.

Figure 6-4. KDE and GNOME desktops for Fedora.

[View full size image]

KDE and GNOME for Fedora are very similar. Both have "trash" and "home" icons, but GNOME has two additional icons. The panel has the same icons. One reason both look so similar is that both desktops are very customizable. Thus, the Fedora desktops are both configured in a manner deemed useful by the Fedora developers. Desktops configured for different distributions can be customized differently, but still are very similar. KDE desktops distributed with Fedora and Mandrake are shown in Figure 6-5.

Figure 6-5. KDE desktops for Fedora and Mandrake.

[View full size image]

The two KDE desktops have different icons, with Mandrake providing several more. The panel is different. For instance, the leftmost panel icon for Fedora is a red fedora. Yet, the basic anatomy is the same.