The Ahulbayt in Quran [Electronic resources] نسخه متنی

Islamic Scientists

1.Physics

(a).

Abu Ali al-Hasan ibn al-Haitham ( 965 - 1039 )

* Know as Alhazen to the West

* Mathematical evolution of spherical mirrors

* Rectilinear motion of light and use of lenses

* Refraction angle variations

* Magnifying effects of the plano convex lens

(b).

Abu Raihan al-Biruni ( 973 - 1051 )

* Gravitational force

* Introduced the concept of elliptical shape of
cosmelogical bodies

(c).

Abu'l Fath' Abd al-Rahman al-Khazini

* Mechanics and Hydrostatics

* Study of the Center of Gravity as applied to balance

* Measurement of specific weights of bodies

--

2.

Mathematics

(a).

Muhammad Ibn Musa al-Khwarazmi

* Known as Khwarizm to the West

* Rule of algebraic equations

* Solutions to quadratic and Cubic equations

* Work on square roots, squares, theory of numbers,
solution of the

fractional numbers

(b).

Abul Fath Umar Ibn Ibrahim al-Khayyam

* Know for his tranlation of the Rubaiyat

* Solutions of equations of cubic order

* Wrote on conic geomatry elaborating the solution of
algebraic

equations

* Determined the Trinomial Equation

----

3.

Medicine

(a).

Abu Ali al-Hussain ibn Sina

* Known as Avicenna to the West

* " Canon of Medicine " best known works

* Know as the Prince of Physicians to the West

* Wrote the first description of several drugs and
diseases as

meningitis.

(b).

Hunain ibn Ishaq

* Known as Johannitus Onan to the West

* Translated 95 Works of Galen from Greek to Syriac and
99 into Arabic

* Greatest translator of medical works

(c).

Muhammad ibn Zakariyya ar Razi

* Know as Rhazes to the West

* Student of Ali ibn Rabban al-Tabari

* Skill in prognosis

* Treatment of Physoligical shocks

* An expert on psychosomatic medicine and psychology

* al-Biruni mentions 56 ( fifty six ) manuscripts on
pharmacology

* Credited for identfying Small Pox and its treatment

* Use of alcohol as an antiseptic

* Use of mercury as a purgative for the first time

(d).

Ali ibn al-Abbas al-Majusi

* Known to the West as Holy Abbas

* After Rhazes he was the most outstanding Physician

* His works were authoritative till the works of ibn
Sina appeared

---

4.

Chemistry

(a).

Jabir Ibn Hayyan

* Known as Geber to the West

* Wrote on Cosmology

Astrology

Music

Science of numbers and letters

* Final authority on Chemistry for many many Centuries

* Classified metals into three classifications

* Laid the basis of the Acid Base theory

(b).

Muhammad ibn Zakruyya ar RAzi

* Prominent Chemist

* Secrets of Secrets - where he describes

- chemical processes

- experiments he performed himself

* The processes were

- distillation

- calcination

- crystallization

- he mentions the use of

- beakers

- flasks

- phials

- casseroles

- naptha lamps

- smelting furnaces

- chear tongues etc .

* Credited for the discovery of many acids

(c).

Abul Qasim al-Iraqi

* Disciples of Jabir's school of thought

* Cultivation of Gold - is a continuation of Jabir's
work

---

5.

Astronomy

(a).

al-Farghani ( Alfraganus )

* Celebrated astronomer known for his
work ' Elements of Astronomy'

(b).

Thabit ibn Qurrah

* Theory of Oscillatory motion of
equinoxes

* Addition of ninth sphere to the
eight Ptolematic astronomy

(c).

al-Battani ( Albategnius )

* Discovered the increase of the suns
apogee

* responsible for the discovery
motion of the solar apsides

* Best known is ' On the Science of
Stars '

(d).

al-Biruni

* Determination of latitudes and
longitudes

* Determination of geodetic
measurements

(e).

al-Hazen

* Wrote ' Resume of Astronomy '

* Described the motion of the planets

(f).

ibn Yunus

* Solved the problems of spherical
trigonometry

* First to study the isometric
oscillatory motion of a pendulum

(g).

al-Zarqali

* He was an Andulasian observational
astronomer

* Invented the instrument ' Sahifah
"

* Responsible for the proof of the
motion of the apogee of the sun

with respect to the fixed
stars.

(h).

ibn Tufail

* Known to the Occident as Abubacer

* An authority on the theory of the
system of homocentric spheres

(i).

Ummar Khayyam

* Prepared a calender that was more
accurate than the Gregorian

one, in use present day.

---

6.

Art and Culture

(a).

Qutab al-Din Shirazi

* Known for his work ' On the Highest
Understanding of the

Knowledge of the Spheres
'.

(b).

Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khawarizmi

* Was well known for his work ' The
Shape of the Earth '

---

7.

Philosophy

(a).

Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Ishaq al-Kindi

* The First Muslim Philosopher knwo
to the West as Alkindus

* Also wrote treatise on mathematics,
physics, medicine, natural

history.

* Compiled the first vocabulary in
Arabic of technical philosophy

(b).

followed by Abu Nasr al-Farabi

* First Muslim to classify the
sciences and delineate the limit of

each

* Wrote extensively on Aristotle's
work

* Out of 70 works, more tha half were
devoted to Logic

* His commentaries on metaphysics
helped Avicenna understand the

work

* Know for ' Logic of the Orientals '

---

8.

Social Sciences

(a).

Abd al-Rahman Abu Zaid ibn Khaldun

* Known as the ' Philosopher of
History '

* His works analyze the cause and the
fall of civilizations and

cultures.

* His work ' Kitab al-Ibar '
discusses the History of the Arabs,

Persians, Berbers and
their contemporaries who possesed great

Powers.

*************************************

Subject: * References - Scientists *

This message is to the brother who had
requested for the

references of the Islamic Scientists.

1.

Cultivation of Science by the
Muslims

by M.

Abdul
Aleem Siddiqui

2.

Incredible Islamic Scientists
( Two Volumes )

by K.Ajram

3.

Muslim Contribution to

*
Civilization ( by Haider Bammate )

*
Geography ( by Nafis Ahmed )

*
Science and Culture ( by M. Abdur Rahman Khan )

( These are infact 3 books in total that I
have mentioned )

4.

Muslim Contribution to
Psycotherapy and Modern Trends by

Dr. Syed Azhar Ali Rizvi

5.

Science and Islamic
Civilization in Islam by

Syed Hossain Noser

All these books are available at

Halalco Books ( Ask for their free Catalog )

108 East Fairfax Street

Falls Church VA 322046

Phone no.

703 532 3202 ( Call till 9 P.M )

Fax no. 703 241 0035