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Summary
The play of a game is the experiential aspect of a game. Play in a game occurs as the game rules are set into motion and experienced by the players.
The relationship between games and play can be structured in two ways:
Games are a subset of play: Games constitute a formalized part of all activities considered to be play.
Play is an element of games: Play is one way to frame the complex phenomenon of games.
All of the different phenomena of play behavior can be organized into three categories: Game Play: the formalized, focused interaction that occurs when players follow the rules of a game in order to play it. Ludic Activities: non-game behaviors in which participants are "playing," such as two tussling animals or a group of children tossing a ball in a circle. Game play is a subset of ludic activities. Being Playful: the state of being in a playful state of mind, such as when a spirit of play is injected into some other action. This category includes both game play and ludic activities.
A general definition of play: play is free movement within a more rigid structure.
Play emerges both because of and in opposition to more rigid structures.
Transformative play is a special kind of play that occurs when the free movement of play alters the more rigid structure in which it takes shape.The play actually transforms the rigid structure in some way. Not all play is transformative, but all forms of play contain the potential for transformation.
Anthropologist Roger Caillois classifies play according to four "fundamental categories:"
agôn: competitive play
alea: chance-based play
mimicry: simulation or make-believe play
ilinx: vertigo or physically-based play
Each of these categories can be plotted along an axis that runs from ludus, or rule-bound play to paida, or free-form play. Many games possess several of these characteristics of play at once.
