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Further Reading
Air Guitar, by Dave Hickey The essay "The Heresy of Zone Defense" is cultural critic Dave Hickey's love letter to the game of Basketball, couched as a critical essay on the democracy of rules. A funny and moving piece on the joys of rule-breaking and the artistry of Dr. J, the text makes clear the connection between games, culture, and the often hidden ideologies that the rules of a game express and exploit. Recommended:
"The Heresy of Zone Defense" The Ambiguity of Play, by Brian Sutton-Smith Brian Sutton-Smith has made monumental contributions to the study of play. This work is in some ways a summation of his decades of study, a skeleton key to his interdisciplinary investigations of play and games in culture. In the book, Sutton-Smith outlines seven primary "rhetorics" or ideologies framing play and explores how each rhetoric offers a different understanding of how and why we play. Recommended:
Chapter 1: Play and Ambiguity Chapters 2–11 focus on the seven rhetorics of play From Barbie to Mortal Kombat: Gender and Computer Games, Justine Cassell and Henry Jenkins, eds. A collection of essays focusing on connections between girls and computer games and the kinds of cultural and gender identities evoked by such connections. Much of the discussion is based on the early research of the Girl Games movement, which argued that girls have play patterns and interests different from those of boys. The ideology of this movement has itself come under attack, represented by the book's final essay, recommended below. Recommended:
Chapter 1: Chess for Girls? Feminism and Computer Games Chapter 12:"Complete Freedom of Movement": Video Games as Gendered Play Spaces Chapter 14: Voices from the Combat Zone: Game Grrlz Talk Back The Interpretation of Cultures, by Clifford Geertz In the classic essay "Deep Play: Notes on the Balinese Cockfight," anthropologist Clifford Geertz argues that the function of rituals such as games is interpretive. Games are a culture's reading of its own experience, a story that people tell themselves about themselves. In understanding how games can operate as forms of cultural rhetoric it is useful to think about them in regard to the kinds of stories games tell about the cultures in which they are played. Recommended:
"Deep Play: Notes on the Balinese Cockfight" Testimony Before the U.S. Senate Commerce Committee, May 4, 1999, by Henry Jenkins <http://brownback.senate.gov/FinishedDocs/MediaViolence/990504jen.pdf> Jenkins is the Director of the Comparative Media Studies Program at MIT. In May 1999, he was invited to speak in front of the U.S. Senate committee on the effects of video games and violence. Jenkins makes a compelling argument against links between medium and behavior, debunking many of the myths commonly touted in the media. According to Jenkins, media and violence have a complex relationship that cannot be reduced to singular arguments.
