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List of Games Cited
The following index contains all of the games mentioned in Rules of Play. Each game is listed alphabetically by title, including date of release, medium in which it is played, and developer or designer of the game.
A great many of the games we cite do not have an identifiable author or group of authors—or the exact origin of the game is in dispute by game historians. In these cases, the game is listed as "Traditional" and the approximate dates of origin are indicated, if known. Oftentimes, such games have rich historical evolutions, such as the board game Chutes and Ladders, which has striking similarities to games played in ancient Egypt, as well as to traditional games from India, Nepal, and Tibet. In these cases, we chose as the date of origin the first historical instance of a game that is recognizably similar to the game we cite. (In the case of Chutes and Ladders, for example, we use the date 1892: this is the publication date of F.H. Ayre's Snakes and Ladders, a game virtually identical to present-day Chutes and Ladders).
In deference to the typically collaborative process of game creation, individual designers are listed as the creator of a game only when a single designer or pair of designers created the entire game by themselves, or when a single designer is commercially credited with sole authorship, as is the case with many contemporary board games.
We often cite more than one version of a digital game that was produced in a series, such as Virtua Fighter and Virtual Fighter 4. In these cases, we list the game as a series but include only the date and creator of the first game in the series. Also, when important versions of a game appear in more than one medium (such as an arcade game that later became a console game), we list all of the relevant forms, with the original medium listed first.
In organizing the games by medium, we opted for very "broad stroke" categories, such as "Arcade game" or "Physical game." Some of the categories do overlap, but we grouped the games into clusters that seemed most conceptually useful for the sake of comparison. Our intention here is not to provide a detailed accounting or taxonomy of these games, but instead to give a general indication of the rich range of games that we mention and analyze in the course of our investigations. If you are inclined to research any of these games further, a list of references used in putting together the information in this index is included at the end.
Arcade game: Games in this category are digital games played on dedicated machines that only play a single game. This includes typical arcade games like Pac-Man and Space Invaders as well as location-based entertainment games like the Disneyworld attraction Battle for the Buccaneer Gold. Board game: In addition to games like Chess and Go—games that are literally played on a board—we include in this category games played on some kind of board-like structure, such as Battleship and Connect Four. Book-based game: The book-based flying simulation Ace of Aces didn't fit into any other category, so we gave it its own. Other book-based games do exist, but are not mentioned in Rules of Play.
Card game: Some games in this category, such as Poker and Bridge, use a standard set of playing cards. Others, such as Magic: The Gathering, use specialized cards designed specifically for one game. Computer game: This group includes games designed to be played on personal computers, from the venerable PDP-1 to present-day Macintosh and Windows machines. These games are played primarily on a single machine by a single player. Console game: These games are played on game console machines that attach to a television, ranging from the Atari 2600 to today's Xbox, GameCube, and Playstation2. Dice game: Games in this group are played primarily or exclusively with dice. They include gambling games like Craps and traditional family games like Pig and Yatzee. Additionally, we included the game of Roulette in this category, as it is a game based entirely on chance. Handheld game: This category includes games played on a portable digital device such as a Game Boy or Palm Pilot. Electronic handheld devices that only play a single game, such as P.O.X., are also grouped here. Icehouse game: Icehouse is a game system that uses colored plastic pyramids as the pieces for a great many different games. There were enough Icehouse games mentioned in Rules of Play that we included it as its own category. Mobile game: Games in this group are played primarily by using a cell phone, whether sin-gle-player or multiplayer. Online game: This is a special type of digital game that emphasizes web-based social interaction as the primary form of play. Included in this category are trans-media games like Majestic that take place over the Internet, through fax machines, and over the telephone. Physical game: This category includes games like Tag or Marbles in which the play of the game primarily involves physical movement and interaction. These games are less regulated than games included in the category Sport. Puzzle: As described in Defining Games, puzzles are games with a single correct answer or set of answers. Puzzles can take a wide variety of forms, but the ones we cite are single-player games that use simple materials such as pencil and paper. Role-playing game: These games are highly narrative experiences where the primary form of play involves players taking on imaginative personas. The classic Dungeons & Dragons is the prototypical example of this category of game. Live-action role-playing games such as Vampire: The Masquerade are also included here. Social game: Social games are games in which the play consists primarily of social interaction between participants. Typically, these games have little or no material components, and include party games as diverse as Charades, Mafia, and Spin the Bottle. Sport: The games in this category are physical games that are typically played as an organized, regulated sport—usually with very specialized equipment in a special space set aside for the game. In some cases, games listed as Sports can also constitute a leisure activity, such as Skiing. Television game show: These games exist as televised experiences, and include shows like Survivor, Jeopardy, and Who Wants to be a Millionaire.
Tile game: Games in this group are played with some form of modular tiles, and include games like Dominoes and Mah Jongg.
Research References
<http://www.about.com.><http://www.atariage.com.><http://boardgamegeek.com.><http://chessvariants.com.><http://www.classicgaming.com >.<http://www.coinop.com.><http://www.classicgaming.com.><http://encarta.msn.com.><http://www.gamecabinet.com.><http://www.gamers.com.><http://www.gamefaq.com.><http://www.gamespot.com.>Kent, Stephen L.. The Ultimate History of Video Games (Roseville, CA:Prima Publishing, 2001)<http://www.looneylabs.com.><http://www.mobygames.com.>Parlett, David. The Oxford Dictionary of Card Games (New York: OxfordUniversity Press, 1992).Parlett, David. The Oxford History of Board Games (New York: OxfordUniversity Press, 1999).Scarpone, Desi. Board Games (Atglen, PA: Schiffer Publishing, 1995).
